[1889-1904 A.D.] tribal dissensions, and to profit by them. "Sandemania," which has proved so contagious, then first became epidemic in high quarters.

It should be added, however, to the credit of his administration, that Lord Lansdowne grappled successfully with one hideous evil in Hindu social life, which required all the more courage to combat because it rested on immemorial custom, and was hallowed by religious sanction. He left behind him an act to raise the age of consent among Indian wives from ten to twelve, which, while it provoked much popular clamour, was approved by men of enlightenment of all creeds and races.

During so much of his term of office as was not occupied with combating famine and plague, Lord Elgin was engaged in conflict beyond the frontier with enemies who were none of his own seeking, or in acrid controversy with political friends in England on questions arising out of the political difficulties which had been bequeathed to him by his predecessor. Though the credit of introducing a gold standard into India does not personally rest with Lord Elgin, it was during his term of office that the measure was matured and effect given to it. Of Lord Curzon it is premature to speak. But his frontier policy would seem to be conciliatory and judicious, and to be framed with that regard for economy which of late years has been conspicuously absent.' The creation of a border province beyond the Indus under a separate head (the north-west district), which was accomplished in 1901, would have been, when Lord Lytton first proposed it, premature. At that time, when the frontier was as yet undefined, and when the relations of the tribes with the British and Afghan governments, and of those governments with one another, were unsettled, the measure would certainly have provoked collision, especially if a successful and ambitious soldier had been selected to be chief of the proposed province. As matters now are, the arrangement may be regarded with more satisfaction.

PERSONALIA

From 1860 to 1900 what changes what advance! Every year adds to the number of Indians who flock to British colleges or to the inns of court. The iron bands of caste, of custom, and of spiritual authority are more and more relaxing. The sanctions and the penalties by which Hindu society was regulated are gradually but surely falling into disuse, and as yet there is no new system to replace them. Slowly (and better therefore if slowly) an ancient creed is nodding to its fall. It is the story of the sleeping princess. For long ages India has slumbered immovable, but at length the spell is broken. From the far West has come the awakening. Suddenly life is actively resumed. The parrots and the monkeys scold, the geese cackle, the ass brays, but man hurries anew about his business. Torpor is shaken off, and a nervous activity takes the place of silence and inaction. The princess has arisen, and moves forward, though with dazed eyes and uncertain steps, encumbered by the folds of her old-world garments. In confidence, yet not without hesitation, she follows the stranger into a world which is new and unimaginable to her. The dawn as she draws onward quickens all her pulses, and shines more and more upon her, as she advances, with the light of incomparable promise.f

['At the present moment, however, the government of India is involved in a war beyond the frontier, in that mysterious country, Tibet.]

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS

[The letter a is reserved for Editorial Matter.]

CHAPTER I. THE MOHAMMEDAN and the MuGHAL EMPIRES (664–1857 A.D.)

P. H. STANHOPE, History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles. — G. LE BON, Les civilisations de l'Inde. -d W. HUNTER, article on "India" in the Encyclopædia Britannica. - M. ELPHINSTONE, History of India. -J. MILL and H. H. WILSON, The History of British India.-G. WEBER, Allgemeine Weltgeschichte.-H. M. LAWRENCE, Essays, Military and Political.—i ABUL FAZL, Akbar Namah. —¡ SAMUEL PURCHAS, his Pilgrimes. - MOHAMMED KASIM FERISHTA, History of the Mohammedan Power in India (translated by Briggs).-W. CROOKE, The Northwestern Provinces of India.· G. KEENE, The Fall of the Mughal Empire. -J. B. TAVERNIER, Six Voyages.

—m H.

CHAPTER II. THE EUROPEAN EMPIRE IN INDIA: THE RISE OF CLIVE (1498-1774 A.D.)

P. H. STANHOPE, History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles. J. MILL and H. H. WILSON, The History of British India. — a WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY, De Gestis Regum Anglorum. — e J. MALCOLM, Life of Lord Clive. — R. ORME, History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan from 1745.-9 G. B. MALLESON, History of the French in India. - T. B. MACAULAY, Essay on Lord Clive. 'GHOLAM HOSSEIN, Seir Mutakhareen. — JOHN EVELYN, Diary. · R. ORME, Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire.-W. W. HUNTER, article on "India" in the Encyclopædia Britannica.

CHAPTER III. WARREN HASTINGS, CORNWALLIS AND THE WELLESLEYS (1772-1806 A.D.)

-

J. S. COTTON, article on "Warren Hastings" in the Encyclopædia Britannica.-P. H. STANHOPE, History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles.· d HAJI MUSTAPHA, translator of Gholam Hossein's Seir Mutakhareen. - BISHOP HEBER, Journals. J PARLIAMENTARY HISTORY. · 9 C. MACFARLANE and T. THOMSON, The Comprehensive History of England. - A. ALISON, History of Europe. — C. KNIGHT, The Popular History of England. DUKE OF WELLINGTON, Second Supplementary Despatches. * LORD BROUGHAM, Sketches of Statesmen. —1 HARRIETT MARTINEAU, Introduction to the History of the Peace. QUARTERLY REVIEW, Vol. XCII, p. 513. - H. H. WILSON, Notes to Mill's History of British India. -PJ. MILL, History of British India. - W. HUNTER, article on "India" in the Encyclopædia Britannica.· T. B. MACAULAY, Essay on Warren Hastings. — a A. C. LYALL, The Rise and Expansion of the British Dominion in India.

CHAPTER IV. CONQUESTS AND REFORMS FROM 1807 TO 1835

e

C. KNIGHT, The Popular History of England. - J. MALCOLM, Memoir of Central India. dF. CORBYN, Treatise on Epidemic Cholera (Calcutta, 1832).- H. H. WILSON, The History of British India from 1805–1835. - A. M. TULLOCH, in Macfarlane's Our Indian Empire. W. W. HUNTER, article on "India" in the Encyclopædia Britannica.

CHAPTER V. FROM THE FIRST AFGHAN WAR TO THE MUTINY

-e

bR. SEARS, Pictorial History of China and India. -J. W. KAYE, History of the War in Afghanistan. d LADY SALE, Journal. e C. KNIGHT, The Popular History of England. W. F. P. NAPIER, A History of the Conquest of Scinde.-H. H. WILSON, The History of British India from 1805 to 1835. — F. J. GOLDSMID, article on "Sind" in the Encyclopædia

W. H.-VOL. XXII. Q

225

Britannica.-A. ALISON, History of Europe from 1815-1852. - R. MACLAGAN, article on "Punjab" in the Encyclopædia Britannica. A. C. LYALL, The Rise and Expansion of the British Dominion in India.

CHAPTER VI. THE INDIAN MUTINY

W. W. HUNTER, article on "India" in the Encyclopædia Britannica.-C. MACFARLANE and T. THOMSON, The Comprehensive History of England.- LIEUTENANT MACDOWELL, Letter printed in G. H. Hodson's Twelve Years of a Soldier's Life in India. - LORD ROBERTS, Forty-one Years in India.-G. B. MALLESON, The Indian Mutiny of 1857.- JUSTIN MCCARTHY, A History of Our Own Times. - A. C. LYALL, The Rise and Expansion of the British Dominion in India. -MOWBRAY THOMSON, The Story of Cawnpore.-M. R. GUBBINS, Mutinies in Oudh.-T. R. E. HOLMES, History of the Indian Mutiny. - 'SPENCER WALPOLE, History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815.

CHAPTER VII. INDIA SINCE THE MUTINY

W. W. HUNTER, article on "India" in the Encyclopædia Britannica.-J. FRANCK BRIGHT, A History of England. -d A. C. LYALL, article on "History of Afghanistan" in the New Volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica. — J. STRACHEY and R. STRACHEY, Finances and Public Works of India. - A. COLVIN, article on the "Recent History of India" in the New Volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica.-E. PEACH, article on the "Burmese War" in the New Volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica. - L. J. TROTTER, A History of India.

1336 Independent Afghan dynasty (capital Ghor) begins to reign in Bengal.

1347-1357 Earliest Mohammedan dynasty established in the Deccan by Ala-ud-din (capital Gulbargah).

1391 Independent Mohammedan dynasty founded at Ahmadabad in Guzerat.

1484 Imad Shahi dynasty founded at Berar (capital Ellichpur).

1489 Adil Shahi dynasty founded at Bijapur.

1490 Nizam Shahi dynasty founded at Ahmadnagar.

1492 Barid Shahi dynasty founded at Bidar.

1498 Vasco da Gama discovers the Cape route to India and reaches Calicut.

1500 Portuguese factories established at Kananur and Cochin.

THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

1505 First Portuguese viceroy in India: the Portuguese discover Ceylon.

1510 The Portuguese viceroy conquers Goa and

1511 Malacca.

1512 Kutab Shahi dynasty founded at Golconda.

1515 Portuguese established at Diu.

1518 Portuguese settle in Ceylon.

1521 The discontented subjects of the emperor of Delhi summon Baber (Zehir-ud-din), Mughal king of Kabul, to India.

the

1526 Baber defeats the Delhi emperor in the great battle of Panipat and takes Agra; the Rana Sanga of Mewar (Udaipur) collects a vast host against him.

1527 Baber wins the battle of Kanweh and makes himself master of India.

1530 Death of Baber. His son Humayun succeeds him.

1531 Daman taken and destroyed by Portuguese.

1539 Humayun defeated by Shir Shah who becomes lord of Hindustan; Humayun takes refuge in Persia.

1543 St. Francis Xavier founds Christian settlements in Travancore.

1545 Portuguese viceroy defeats the king of Guzerat at Diu.

1556 Humayun recovers part of his empire, including Delhi. Humayun dies and is succeeded by Akbar the Great under regency of Bairam Khan. He begins a series of wars to recover the empire of Baber.

1558 Portuguese settled at Daman.

1560 Akbar assumes the government in person and exercises a strong and humane govern

ment.

1565 Battle of Talikota; the five Mohammedan kings of the Deccan defeat the Hindu rajah of Vijayanagar and overthrow his empire (founded 1118) which splits up into small sovereignties.

1567 Princes of western India league against the Portuguese but are defeated by them.

1568 Akbar takes Chitor and conquers Ajmir.

1570 Akbar obtains Oudh and Gwalior.

1572 Akbar defeats the ruler of Ahmadabad and constitutes Guzerat a viceroyalty. The Afghans expelled from Bengal, and the lower Ganges valley recovered for Akbar. 1578 Orissa annexed to Akbar's empire. Akbar invites Jesuit missionaries to Lahore. 1579 The Englishman, Thomas Stephens visits India.

1581 Kabul added to Akbar's empire.

1586 Kashmir acquired by Akbar.

1592 Sind acquired by Akbar.

1594 Kandahar submits to Akbar.

1596 Akbar subdues Berar.

1600 Charter granted to the English East India Company.

THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

1602 First voyage made for the East India Company. Dutch East India Company formed. 1605 Akbar dies and is succeeded by his son Jahangir.

1606 Rebellion of Jahangir's son, Khusru, punished.

1612 The East India Company's first factory founded at Surat. First Danish East India Company founded.

1614 British agency established at Ajmir.

1615 An English embassy despatched to the court of Delhi.

1616 Danish settlements at Tranquebar and Serampur.

1620 Portuguese fleet defeated by the English.

1622 The Dutch massacre eighteen Englishmen at Amboyna. English factory established at Masulipatam.

1627 Shah Jahan succeeds Jahangir; the Mughal Empire at its height.

1634 Portuguese expelled from Bengal.

1638 Aurangzeb, son of Shah Jahan, having seized and plundered Hyderabad becomes governor of the Deccan. The Dutch take Portuguese forts in Ceylon.

1639 English settlement established at Madras.

1650 Shah Jahan renders the kingdom of Bijapur (Deccan) tributary.

1657 The Mahratta, Sivaji, rebels against the king of Bijapur and builds up a Mahratta power in the Deccan.

1658 Aurangzeb, having defeated three brothers and assassinated another, usurps the throne of his father, Shah Jahan. The Dutch take Colombo and the last Portuguese possessions in Ceylon.

1661 Bombay ceded to England by Portugal.

1664 The Dutch take the Portuguese settlements on the Malabar coast. Sivaji pillages Surat.

1666 Shah Jahan dies and is buried in the beautiful Taj Mahal which he had built at Agra. 1668 Bombay transferred to the East India Company. Successful campaign of Aurangzeb in the Deccan.

1670 Second Danish East India Company founded.

1674 French East India Company established at Pondicherry.

1680 Sivaji, having consolidated a strong Mahratta power in the Deccan, dies.

1682 Aurangzeb sets out to conquer the Deccan.

1683-1687 Aurangzeb incorporates the kingdoms of Bijapur and Golconda with his empire.

1686 The English attempt to take Chittagong and are driven from Bengal.

1687 Bombay becomes the headquarters of the East India Company.

1693 East India Company's charter renewed.

1698 "General Society trading to the East Indies" formed in England.

1700 Calcutta purchased by the East India Company.

THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

1707 Death of Aurangzeb, the last great ruler of the Mughal dynasty. War between his sons; Bahadur Shah the victor. The authority of the Mughal power gradually usurped by minor chieftains.

1709 "General Society" unites with English East India Company.

1712 Death of Bahadur Shah. Quarrels between his sons.

1713 Jahandar Shah, son of Bahadur Shah, deposed and strangled; Farrakhsiyyar succeeds. 1714 Kamr-ud-din (Asaf Jah) is appointed governor of the Deccan and becomes founder of the Hyderabad dynasty. The peshwas of Poona begin to found an independent Mahratta power which becomes the head of the Mahratta confederacy.