"That He may cause the men who have faith, and the women who have faith, to enter into gardens through which the rivers flow, to be therein for ever."

(Chap. xlviii,

"And that He may inflict torment on the hypocrites and hypocritesses, on the men and women who attribute partners unto God, the unjust towards God in their wicked imagination.” (Chap. xlviii, v. 6.)

يوم ترى المؤمنين والمؤمنات يسعى نورهم بين ايديهم و بايمانهم

"On a day when thou shalt behold the believers and believeresses, whose light shall go before them, and on their right hand (the salutation unto them shall be): Your glad tidings this day (is): Gardens through which rivers flow, to be therein for ever." (Chap. lvii, v. 12.)

ضرب الله مثلا للذين كفروا امرأة نوح وامرأة لوط كَانَتَا تَحْتَ الله عبدينِ مِن عِبَادِنَا صَالِحَينِ فَخَانَتَاهُمَا فَلَمْ يُغْنِيَا عَنْهُمَا

شيئا وقيل ادخلا النار مع الداخلين

مین

"God hath offered, as a parable for them who blaspheme, the wife of Noah and the wife of Lot, which two women where wedded to two righteous men, servants from among our servants, towards whom they were disobedient, so that the two men were of no avail for them with God: and it was said: Enter you two into hell-fire, with them who enter." (Chap. lxvi, v. 10.

للار

سَيَصْلَى نَارًا ذَاتَ لَهَبٍ وامرأته حمالة الحطب في جيدها

حبل من

"He shall roast in a flaming fire, and his wife shall be the carrier of its firewood, with a rope of palm-fibre round her neck." (Chap. cxi, v. 3-5.

Another passage of the Qur'an, not so explicit in words, but equally decisive in sense, is found in the eleventh and twelfth verses of the sixty-sixth chapter, already mentioned, which are as follows:

411

و ضَرَبَ الله مثلا للذين آمنوا امراة فرعون إذ قالت رَبِّ ابن عملِهِ وَ نَجْنِي بيتا في الجنة ونجنى من فرعون و عندك لي القوم الظالمين * و مريم ابنت عمران التي أحْصَنَتْ فَرجَهَا نفحْنَا فِيهِ مِن روحِنَا و صدقت بِكَلِمَاتِ رَبِّهَا وَ كتبِهِ وَكَانَتْ من القانتين

صر

"God hath also propounded, as an example of those who have believed, the woman of Pharaoh; for she said: My Lord build Thou for me a chamber by thee in paradise, and deliver Thou me from Pharaoh and his works, and deliver Thou me from the unjust people; and also Mary, the daughter of 'Imran, who kept herself a chaste virgin, and into whose womb We breathed of our spirit, who held for true the words of her Lord, and His scriptures, and who was one of the devout."

Apostolic tradition, as related concerning the sayings and doings of Muhammad by his personal disciples, and handed down by successions of trusted witnesses, is equally strong on this subject, and is second in authority, with Muslims, only to the Qur'an itself. For instance, he is thus reported to have informed his followers, as points of incontestable knowledge divinely revealed to him, that

The Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus.

certain of his deceased friends, about a dozen in number at different times, had already been rewarded for their earthly virtues by admission into the joys of heaven. Among these was his first wife, the faithful and devoted Khadīja, his first convert, of whom he is related to have declared:

نيه

أُمرت أن أُبَشِرَ خَدِيجَةَ بِبَيْتٍ مِن قَصَبِ لا

ولا

"I have been commanded to gladden Khadija with the good tidings of a chamber of hollow pearl, in which is no clamour and no fatigue."5

An apostolic injunction, similarly reported, and regularly carried out as a constant practice in the divine worship of Islam, repeated five times daily, at least, as an incumbent duty, is that, on the conclusion of the prescribed form of service, each worshipper, male or female, shall offer up a voluntary prayer, a collect, for the forgiveness of the sins of the supplicant, and of his or her "two parents.” This is the more remarkable, since Muhammad is reported to have declared himself expressly forbidden to pray for his own parents, they having died pagans in his childhood. He wept over his mother's grave on visiting it in his old age, but he was inhibited from praying for God's mercy on her.

Noah and Abraham are mentioned in the Qur'ān (xiv, 42, and lxxi, 29) as having so prayed for their "two parents."

Another institution of Muhammad, continued to this day, is the solemn address or sermon named

• Wustenfeld's “Ibnu-Hishām,” Vol. I, p. 156, 1. 2–3.

Khutba,

and pronounced every Friday at noon, in two parts, after the congregational service, in every cathedral mosque, by a special functionary (there are no "priests" in Islām), thence called

الخطيب

Khatib, In the second part of this address, a special clause is always inserted, praying for the bestowal of the divine mercy and grace on Fatima (Muhammad's daughter, his only child that survived him), on his two first wives, Khadīja and 'A'isha, (all three by name), on all his other wives (without mention of their names), and on "all resigned and believing women, living or dead."

In imitation of these two practices, it is a very general custom for authors and copyists, Muslims, on completing a work, to add a colophon, in which they praise God for the mercy, and offer a prayer for the pardon of their sins, with the extension of mercy and grace to them in the life to come, and to "both their parents." To this is sometimes added : "also to my elders, to my brethren in God (whose name be glorified), to all resigned men (muslimīn) and resigned women (muslimāt), to all believing men (muʼminīn), and believing women (mu'mināt), living or dead; Amen;" thus:7

23

غَفَرَ اللَّهُ لِي وَلِوَالِدَى وَ لِمَسْأَخِي وَلِإِخْوَانِي فِي اللَّهِ تَعَالَى

صامت

و للمسلمين والمسلِمَاتِ وَالمُؤمِنِينَ وَ المُؤمِنَاتِ الاحياء منهم

والأموات آمين

The following is a paragraph from the Burial

• Lane's "Modern Egyptians;" London, 1860, p. 89, l. 1–7.
! From an old manuscript in my possession.

Service of Islam, as recited over every adult female on interment : 8

اللهم اغْفِرْ لِحَيِنَا وَمَيِّتِنَا وَشَاهِدِنَا وَ غَائِبِنَا وَ صَغِيرِنَا وَ كَبِيرنا

أحييته منا فاحيه على الإسلام وَ ذَكَرِنَا وَ أَنَائِنَا اللَّهم مَن

مصر

138

و من توفيته منا فتوفه على الإيمان وخص هذه الميّتة بالروح م الله الله الراحَةِ وَ المَغْفِرَةِ وَ الرِضوان اللهم إن كانت محسنة فزد في إحْسَانِهَا وَ إن كانت مسيئة فجاوز عنها ولقها الامن و البشرى

و الكرامة والزلفى و خَلصها مِن عَذَابِ القبر والنيران وأسكنها

هم کار

في دار الجنانِ مع الوِلدَانِ اللهم اجعل قبرها روضة من رياض ر مارتا حفَرِ الذِيرَانِ بِرَحمَتِكَ يا أرحم الجنة ولا تجعل قبرها حفرة

الراحمين

“ O God, pardon Thou our living and our dead, those of us looking on and those of us absent, our little ones and our adults, our males and our females.

"O God, unto whomsoever Thou grant life, cause Thou him' to live resigned to Thy will (a Muslim); and whomsoever Thou call away, make Thou him to die in the faith (a Mu'min).

"Cause Thou this departed one to possess the solace and the ease, the mercy and the grace.

"O God, if she have been a worker of good works, then do Thou add unto her good works. And if she have been an evil-doer, do Thou pass it over. And may security and glad tidings surround her, with honour and privilege. And free Thou her from the torment of the grave and of hell-fires, causing her to dwell in the abode of the paradises, with her children. O God, make Thou her tomb a garden of the gardens of heaven; and let not her grave be a pit of the pits

8 Mawqafati, Commentary on the Multaqa, vol. i, p. 148, 1. 14-19.