Besides these letters, there are three vowel points, indicating sounds nearly corresponding to a, i, and u; as, however, these are not printed, they afford no assistance to the student. The sound to be given to any combination of consonants can only be learned by experience.

To acquire some familiarity with the forms of the letters the student can turn to any of the vocabularies attached to the exercises, where the Turkish words are written with English characters by the side of them, and to Tale I, page 7, where the English text is given below the Turkish.

These letters have, in particular words, values differing from those given in the table:

❤ at the end of the present participle being sounded as p.

bat the commencement of words or between two vowels is frequently sounded as d.

The diphthong is generally sounded as o, oo, or u. bination may, however, be sounded as i, ev, ai, or ey.

This com

, marked as ng 'in the table, is frequently written as ñ. The three letters numbered 25, 26, and 27 are generally printed alike. It will be seen that 1, >, 3, are never joined to the letter following them, so that in the middle of a word they have the same shape as at the end.

When Janda occur together they are joined as ). Turkish is read from right to left.

There is no definite article in Turkish.

The numeral

bir, one, is used as the indefinite article, 'a' or 'an.' There are two numbers, the singular and the plural. The nomi-native plural is formed by the addition of ler to the nominative

singular: at, the horse;

cat; kediler, the cats:

etmekdjiler, the bakers.

atler, the horses:

kedy, the

ات جیلر etmekdji, the baker اتمی

اتمكجيلر

THE NOUN SUBSTANTIVE.

There are two declensions, the first for words ending in a consonant, the second for those ending in a vowel. The cases and their terminations will be understood from the following examples.

and change these letters, in forming the first four cases of the singular, into and g, except in a few monosyllables. In the other cases and in the plural, however, the and are retained: Ex. sanduk, the box; the boxes; déi sandugyn, of the box: kalpak, the cap; kalpageh, to the cap:

کوپکلر keupeghurt, of the dog كويكك : keuper, the dog كوك

keupekler, the dogs. But khalk, people; Genitive häl khalkin, etc. Words ending in in general change this

in all the cases of the singular,

into >,

koort, the wolf;

is retained,

is retained,

koordun, of the wolf, etc. but in the plural the

Genitive

kapooler,

goomy, the ship;

The plural is formed as in the first declension:

goomi

kapoolerun, etc.: Ex. nin, of the ship:keupru, the bridge;keupruniñ, of the bridge blada, the island; lisadaniñ, of the island;

badayeh, to the island. But 800, water, has sooÿjoon, in the genitive, instead of, but all the other cases are regular. It is to be remarked that, ev, the house, has house, etc., and is of the first declension.

In the Turkish grammar there are no genders.

eveñ, of the

Beings of dif

ferent sexes are in general distinguished by different names: Ex. Le boogha, the bull;

ta,ouk, the hen;

inek, the cow; at, the horse;

khoros, the cock;

kisrak, the mare.

When, however, there are not two words for the individuals of different sexes, they are distinguished by the use of the common name preceded by, er, man, and kiz, girl, or së kary, woman, in the case of persons, and erkek, male, and dishy, female, in the case of animals.

دیشی

;brother از قرنداش ;karamdash, of the same mother قرنداش ار اشجي ashdjy, cook اجی ; kis karandash, sister قرقرنداش

er ashdjy, man-cook;

erkek eshek, a jackass;

kary ashdjy, woman-cook;

s dishy eshek, a jenny.

The following cases are to be observed:

Inglis, the English