noun accompanying the numeral, as below: ll beshlik, a piece kirt grooshleh kitab, a book قرق غروشلك كتاب ;containing five ,besh yua parehlik balta بش یوز پارهلك بالطه ; worth forty piasters an axe worth five hundred para;utch ailek, every three months, and once in three months. The numerical adverbs once, twice, etc. are formed by using kez, Skere, sefer, with the cardinal numbers: .ali kere, twice ایکی کره ; once bir kere, The multiplicatives are formed by using kat after the cardinal numbers: l l on kat, tenfold. The Arabic words Jl evvel and evvelky, first, are in common use. The word Uilk, first, early, is also sometimes used. In speaking of a number of men or things it is not unusual to employ an auxiliary word, as, for instance, bash, in the case of animals: Ex. l on bash inek, ten (head of) cows. In the case of persons,kishy or nefer is used. In the case of animals, bash or ras. In the case of things, h kute, عدد dana are the words most frequently used دانه aded, or عدد however, is sometimes used when persons are spoken of. When it is intended to note particularly that all the persons named join in the action, ss deh or dakhi is used: keupek utchdeh kara dir, all the three dogs are black. In speaking uncertainly of the number, as, for instance, two or three dogs, the particle ↳ ya, 'or,' is omitted: utch keupek, two or three dogs. ايکی اوچ كويك iki VOCABULARY. The negative form of dir, 'is,' is No deyel, 'is not.' The pronominal terminations are added to it as below: Kms 1 ayeh deyelsiñiz, you are not good. jos ÿl sheher irak deyel dir, the city is not far. The negative of,, var, he has, is yok or ̧ɔ ɔ yok dir; کوپکم , I have not a dog. It is to be remarked, however, that when possession is implied, the name of the possessor is in the genitive; as, lyg cool go boo adamin keupeky var, this man has a dog, (literally) of this man his dog there is. .ama, but اما .tehair, the meadow چایر .(tarla, the field (arable تارلا .bargban, gardener باغبان .gunderdy has sent کوندردی .gerek, is necessary كرك The Turkish verb governs in general either the nominative or accusative. When the object is a pronoun, a noun with a pronominal termination or a proper name, it is in the accusative; when it is a substantive, it is in the nominative unless something determinate is meant : .at aldim, I have bought a horseات الدم .aty aldim, I have bought the horse اتى الدم .boo aty aldim, I have bought this horse بو اتى الدم Verbs governing the dative and ablative will be followed by ablative and dative in the vocabularies. EXERCISE V. اون دورت اوغلان و یکرمی بش قز قاچ كويكك وان التي كويكم وار هر بر ایاغکه قاچ پرمغك وان بو ایاغده بش پرمغم وار. و او بو چایرده ایکی یوزات در و چایران برینه دخی بش پرمغم وار بو چایرده ایکی یوز بو چیچن کوزل دکل در چوجقلره ایکیشر کول ویردی . بيوك در. ایکی آتی تارلایه کوندردی بوراده بش كويك انلردن کمی اق کمی قره در نه کوزل کولکز وار. The gardener has sent twenty eggs. There are five fingers on each hand. A little salt is necessary. You have not six fingers. to the little girl. A useful dog is not frightened. The little boy gave four roses There is not a rose in the gardener's house. girl on the road. This onion is bigger than an egg. What news is there in the city? There are forty-five cows in the field and there are three boys. The boy met the TALE II. و 8 11 3 16 4 هیچ 13 13 کاردان وزیری و ارایدی انك بر 17 کلمدی بو وزیر و مصر شهرنده بر پادشاه وارایدی دایم ، پیغمبر انك قاتنه كلورايدى بركون وزير دنيانك ? احوالنه 7 نسنه کمسیه پایدار * اولمز 10 پس وزیرلقدن نظر ایلدی بلدی که " ال " چکوب بر 12 کوشه اختیار 18 ایدوب 14 طاعته 15 مشغول 15 اولدى 18 تعجب 18 ایلدی نچه زمان لچدی پیغمبر وزیره پس 1 کلدی وزیر دیدی بن وزیر 20 ایکن 10 پیغمبر 19 دخی بر کون کوردی که پیغمبر ساعت قاتمدن 22 کتمزدك شمدی که طاعته مشغول اولدم نیچون كلمز اولدك دیدی پیغمبر ایتدی سن 23 ظاهرده وزیرلق ايدردك و بن باطنده وزیرلق ایدردم شمدی سن ظاهر و زیر لغندن آل چكدك بن دخی قتكه كلمز اولدم دیدی چون وزیر پیغمبردن بو سوزی اشتدی واروب 20 تکرار 20 وزارت 27 طلب 7 ایدوب الدى كیرو پیغمبر هر ساعت کلور 25 ايدى. VOCABULARY. 1In the Egyptian city: Cairo 2 intelligent, able From substantives, adjectives denoting possession or endowment can be formed by the addition of lu or ,ly; from at, horse لی ,akel عقل atlu, mounted, possessor of a horse, a cavalier; from اتلو talent, llës akellu, intelligent; keuy, village, keuylu, belonging to a village, a villager; tuz, salt, tuzlu, salted; skara geuzlu, black-eyed; „öö koorkoo, fear, „„„„ koorkooloo, dangerous; khatoonlu er, a married man. [When an adjective or numeral agrees with the substantive ایکی خاتونلوار formed in this way some ambiguity may arise iki khatunloo er, a man with two wives, a man twice married. In the first case, in speaking, the iki is joined to the khatun; in the second, they are pronounced separately.] By the addition of djy to substantives, the noun agent is formed: Ex. .etmelidjy, the baker اتمکجی ; etmek, bread اتمك Jyol, the road; kapoo, the door; yoldji, the traveller. kapoodji, the porter. This termination is used with ; as, nidji, what is he? From adjectives and substantives alike, are formed substantives denoting the action or quality, by the addition of or look or lik; from doost, the friend, doostlook, friendship; from etmekdji, baker, etmekdjilik, the trade of a baker; اتمکجی اتمكجيلك JS guzel, beautiful, guzellik, beauty; child, tchodjuklik, childhood. tchodjuk, the The same termination is used to form the noun denoting the place where a substance or thing is found; from gool, the rose, طاغ goollook, the rose bed; from ¿ dagh, mountain, elb daghlik, a mountainous place; from Skeupek, the dog, legs keupeklek, the kennel. For the use of this termination with verbs, see page 29; and see also page 15. Diminutives are formed by the addition of the syllable djik or djek; from adem, the man, man; ooglandjek, the little child. strengthened by the addition of; ; as, or ademdjek, the little This may be further ademdjekiz, a very little man. This last termination is used in general when the word is meant to indicate affection; meaning, rather, ‘the dear little man.' سز . The termination siz, without, is placed at the end of a noun to form an adjective, denoting privation, jo soosiz, dry, from „→ water; j edebsiz, impolite; koorkoo, fear, koorkoosiz, fearless, and from this, koorkoosizlik, fearlessness. The terminations dash denotes companionship; from Jyol, road, yoldash, fellow-travellers. For the termination Sky, see page II. Substantives may also be formed by the combination of two substantives or a substantive and adjective; as, from , kahveh, coffee, and khana, house, (khafarna), coffee-house; xillimi khastaharna, hospital. THE TURKISH IRREGULAR AUXILIARY VERBS. The substantive verb is very peculiar in Turkish. It is used to form the persons and numbers of verbs by addition to the verbal root, and is also used, as below, with nouns, both substantive and adjective. For of the 2nd person plural jsiz is frequently used. |