OF

NOTES.

CAULIS, a stem (See V. p. 22). The Greek word KAULOS, is more extensive in its signification than the latter, for it comprehends the trunk of a tree, whereas the latter terin is confined to the stalk of herbs.

1. Elevans et fructificationem et foliá.LINNEUS.

2. The body of an herb, rising from the root, and bearing the branches, leaves, and fructification; according to Linnæus, truncus is the generic term, of which caulis is a species; but in common English we apply trunk to the body of tree, and stalk to that of herbaceous plants. Stem might be adopted as the generic

term.-MARTYN.

3. A stem. That species of truncus common to most plants, defined by Linnæus to be the proper trunk of the herb, which elevates the leaves and fructification. Mr. Curtis translates caulis a stalk, and scapus, a flowerstalk-BERKENHOUT.

4. A stem properly so called, which bears, or elevates from the trunk, the leaves as well as flowers. The trunks and branches of all trees and shrubs come under this denomination, as well as of a great proportion of herbaceous plants, especially annuals.-SMITH.

5. La tige proprement dit. Elle diffère du Ironc en ce quelle est plus grèle, plus faible, communément moins élevée et tantôt ligneuse tantôt herbacée.-BRISSEAU-MIRBEL.

X. WOODY (lignosus), of a hard consistency, formed in concentric rings, not juicy.

No II. Vel. -N S.

NOTES.

LIGNOSUS, from LIGNUM wood.

1. Not in LINNÆUS.

2. Woody is a term opposed to herbaceous. MARTYN.

3. Lignosus, woody, is opposed to herbaceous. BERKENHOUT.

4. Not in SMITH.

5. Ligneuse (fruticosus, lignosus), lorsqu' elle est d'une consistance solides, semblable à celle du bois, et qu'elle subsiste après son endurcisement. Les plantes ligneuses sont appelées des arbustes (frutices) arbriseaux (arbuscula) et arbres (arbores).-LAMARK.

XI. SOLID (solidus), not so firm as wood, easily yielding to a knife, of an uni form substance, and juicy,

NOTES.

SOLIDUS, a Latin word, meaning salid. 1. Interne faretus.-LINNÆUS.

2. A solid stem, full within; in opposition to inanis, which has only a light spongy substance in it, and fistulosus, hollow like a pipe.MARTYN.

3. A solid caulis, or stem, is in opposition to inanis and fistulosus.-BERKEN HOUT.

4. Solidus, solid, is opposed by SMITH to carus, hollow.

5. Solide, lorsqu'elle est tout-a-fait pleine. LAMARK.

XIL PITHY (inanis, spongiosus), full of pores, like sponge, and not very juicy, STUFFED, faretus, in opposition to the next term, as the holly-hoek, alces

rosea.

L

NOTES.

INANIS, from INANICE, cobwebs.

1. Interne medulla spongiosus.-LINNEUS. 2. Having a pith, or spongy substance within. When quite empty it is called fistulosus.— MARTYN.

3. Inanis, neither solidus, nor yet fistulosus, but pithy-BERKENHOUT.

5. La consistance de la tige peut encore venir par différent degrés, qu'on exprime par les terms de molle (mollis) spongieuse (spongiosus) charnue (succulentus), ferme (rigidus) seche (siccus). Ces divers termes out, en botanique, la même acceptiones que dans le language ordinaire.-LAMARK.

XIII. HOLLOW, empty, fistulous (fistulosus), hollow within, as fennel, ferula.

TERES, round.

NOTES.

1. Angulis destitutus.-LINNEUS.

2. Without angles. it may often be safely expressed in English by round. As we cannot well preserve the Latin term, it is more accurate to translate it by columnar than by cylindric; stems, branches, leaves, &c. to which it is applied, resemble the shaft of a column, tapering from the bottom upwards-MARTYN.

3. Cylindrical.-BERKEN HOUT. 4. Round.-SMITH.

5. Quant à la figure de la tige, on cherche à la rapporter à quelque figure géométrique. Ainsi on la dit, cylindrique, teres, demi-cylindrique, semi-teres, lorque sa coupe transversale représente un cirele, un demi-circle, &c.LAMARK.

XV. HALF-CYLINDRICAL (semicolumnaris, semi-teres), forming a semi

NOTES.

ANCEPS, from ana, on both sides, and caput, a bead.-TURTON.

1. Angulis duobus oppositis accetiusculis. LINNÆUS.

2. Two-edged, or double-edged. Flatted and rather sharp, with two opposite angles. This is the common form of the ancipital stem, but it may have more angles than two; for Linnæus gives not only digonus, two-angles, but trigonus, three-angled, tetragonus, four-angled, pentagonus, five-angled, and polygonus many angled, as species of the anceps.-MARTYN.

3. Two-edged. The anceps may have many more angles, but then they will be all obtuse,

except the two opposite ones which constitute

the anceps.-BERKENHOUT.

4. Two-edged.—SMITH.

5. Gladiée ou a deux tranchans, lorsqu'elle est

NOTES.

Trigonus, augulis tribus prominentibus longitudinalibus.-LINNÆUS.

Triqueter, lateribus tribus exacto planis.LINNÆUS.

2. Triangular (triangularis), is from the number of prominent angles. Three-cornered (trigonus) is a variety of the caulis anceps, where the angles are sharp, and the sides not flat; three-sided (triqueter), must have three flat sides.-MARTYN.

3. Triangular, is applied to the leaf only, where we are referred to trigonus.

LINNEUS, in his Phil. Botan, explains this term according to its derivation, as signifying the number of angles; but in his Delineatio Plantar, a later work, in a subdivision, under figura, he uses angulatus to express the angles; and in the next subdivision he has 3-queter, and 3 gonus: now 3 queter he explains to mean, three plain sides; therefore trigonus must signify a triangular figure whose sides are either concave or convex.-MARTYN.

4. Triqueter, having three plain sides.— BERKENHOUT.

5. Triangularis, triangular; trigonus, threeedged; triqueter, three-sided, is applied to a stem with three flat sides.SMITH.

6 Triangulaire ou trigone (triqueter, trigonus.)-LAMARK.

XIX. QUADRANGULAR, four-angled square, (quadrangularis, tetragonus), having four angles, or four flat sides, as monarda fistularis.

1. Tetragonus, angulis quatuor prominentibus, longitudinalibus.-LINNUS.

2. Quadrangularis, having four prominent angles; tetragonus, a four cornered stem, having four prominent longitudinal angles, a species of anceps according to LINNAEUS in Philos. Bot.-MARTYN.

3. Quadrangular is applied only to the leaf; tetragonus four cornered.-BERKENHOUT.

4. Tetragonus, or quadrangularis, square.SMITH.

5. Tetragone ou quadrangulaire (tetragonus, quadrangularis).-LAMARK.

XX. PENTANGULAR, five-angled, pentagonal, or five-sided (quinquangularis, pentagonus), as five-angled, cactus pentagonus.

NOTES.

QUINQUANGULARIS, from quinque, five, and angula, an angle; pentagonus, from PENTE five, and GONIA, an angle.

1. Angulis quinque prominentibus longitu• dinalibus. Quinquangularis.—LINNÆUS.

2. Pentagonus, a pentagonal or five-cornered stem. It is a species of LINNEUS's ancipital stem, and he seems to distinguish it from quinquangularis,-MARTYN.

3. Quinquangular is applied to the leaf only; pentagonus, for this we are referred to trigonus. BERKEN HOUT.