EXPEDITION INTO NEW MEXICO BY THE CONFEDERATES, FEBRUARY, 1862.—The Confederate Gen. Sibley led an expedition, early in 1862, against the Federal forts of New Mexico, these forts being under the command of Gen. Canby. He advanced up the Rio Grande with considerable physical difficulty, and defeated Canby's regulars in several combats. He found that he could not maintain himself in that desert region; so he abandoned Albuquerque, Santa Fé, and other places he had taken, and conducted a disastrous retreat.

MOVEMENT AGAINST CHARLESTON, 1863.-Charleston remained in undisputed possession of the Confederates until the spring of 1863. The engagements of the turret monitor led to the belief that a fleet of these could force a passage through Charleston harbor. Accordingly, in April, Admiral Dupont and Gen. Hunter led a fleet of seven of these ironclads in the experiment. The vessels carried 32 guns; the opposing forts possessed an aggregate of 300 guns. Torpedoes and other obstructions were placed in the harbor. The heavy fire concentrated upon the vessels compelled them to return. One of them was sunk after being struck 99 times, of which 19 were below the water-line. All the rest were more or less damaged. The forts suffered but little damage. All effort to pass them was now abandoned, and operations were directed against the harbor and adjoining islands. Gen. Hunter was superseded by Gen. Q. A. Gillmore, and Admiral John A. Dahlgren soon relieved Admiral Dupont. Gen. Gillmore and Admiral Dahlgren at once set on foot operations looking to a systematic campaign against

Fort Sumter and Charleston. A landing was effected on Morris Island in July, and the enemy was driven to Fort Wagner. Several furious assaults were made upon it, at great cost to the Union arms, as they left 1,500 dead and wounded upon the treacherous sands. The Confederate garrison, however, evacuated the island in September.

The army and the fleet opened fire upon Charleston, Sumter, and the other forts. Fort Sumter was practically demolished. Many shells were thrown into the city of Charleston, and many buildings greatly injured by the slow bombardment which was kept up to the end of the year. Further operations were suspended, and Charleston remained in possession of the enemy until the approach of Sherman's victorious hosts in the spring of 1865.

MOBILE BAY, SUMMER OF 1864.-Mobile was the only seaport of importance on the coast of the eastern part of the Gulf. There were several channels in the bay, the entrances to which were protected by Forts Morgan, Gaines, and Powell. The coast was of such a character as to make blockade-running easy, and many blockade-runners escaped the vigilance of the blockading fleet by passing along the shallow waters of the coast. The city of Mobile became an important rendezvous for their traffic.

After the fall of Vicksburg, Farragut was directed, in June, 1864, to prepare his vessels for an attack on Mobile bay. In addition to the forts the bay was defended by four vessels, one of which was the ironclad Tennessee, the most formidable vessel ever built by the Confederates. Torpedoes and obstructions had been placed in the water.

Farragut arranged his fourteen wooden vessels, two abreast, lashed them together, supported on their flanks by four monitors. As they neared the forts every gun that could be brought to bear upon the approaching fleet thundered forth its echoes. The concentrated fire from the vessels was directed toward the forts, and many of the gunners were either killed or driven to cover. The monitor Tecumseh, in the lead, was struck by a torpedo and sunk. Except this single loss, the fleet succeeded in passing the forts and obstructions without serious damage. No sooner was the combat with the forts at an end, than a new one began with the Tennessee. Steaming from the protection of Fort Morgan, she was met by the vessels from the Union fleet. She was pounded by the guns from the monitors, and rammed at full speed by the larger vessels, in a terrific struggle, until her case became hopeless. She raised the white flag and left Farragut in control of Mobile bay. Five thousand troops under General Gordon Granger had already been landed to the rear of Fort Gaines, which surrendered August 7th; and Fort Morgan on the 23d. No immediate attempt was made for the capture of Mobile city, for the surrender of the forts served the purpose of the Government,—to close the bay to blockade-run

ners.

Operations were again resumed, in the spring of 1865, by General Canby and Admiral Thatcher, and after a month the defenses held by General Taylor were taken, April 12, 1865, and the Union Army entered the city, ignorant of the fact that Lee's army had surrendered three days before.

CHAPTER V.

WAR IN MISSOURI.

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMIES, 1861.-In Missouri, as in several slave States, a majority of the people were loyal. The Legislature refused to pass an ordinance of secession, but invested the Governor, Claiborne F. Jackson, with despotic power. He was determined to take the State out of the Union, and used every means at his command in the interests of the Confederacy. He established camps of instruction in different parts of the State. One near St. Louis he named Camp Jackson. About twelve hundred men stationed here and armed by the Confederate Government were surprised on the morning of May 10, 1861, surrounded by Captain Nathaniel Lyon with 6,000 men, and the whole garrison was compelled to surrender. A mob following Lyon's men heaped insult and then violence upon them. One regiment finally fired upon the assailants, killing twenty-two persons.

Governor Jackson was active in carrying out his designs at Jefferson City. He called for 50,000 State militia to repel Federal invasions, and divided the State into nine military districts. Sterling Price, who was appointed commander of the State forces, urged officers commanding in the districts to make haste to organize the militia, and assemble them at Boonville and Lexington. A Confederate force entered the State from Arkansas and Texas to assist in the work of rebellion.

BOONVILLE AND CARTHAGE.-Union troops were being assembled at the Federal arsenal at St. Louis under the command of General Lyon. He gave the enemy little time for preparation. Steaming up the Missouri from St. Louis to Jefferson City, he found the Governor had fled to his adherents at Boonville. On the 17th of June, Lyon reached Boonville, where some two or three thousand men, under the command of Colonel Marmaduke were assembled. They were dispersed after a sharp engagement, and fled toward the southwest, through Warsaw, receiving reinforcements as they went.

Colonel Franz Sigel, a veteran German officer, had been dispatched with 1,500 men farther south. He had pushed on near to Carthage, hoping to prevent a junction between Jackson and some other forces which his Confederate brigadiers were hurrying to him. A spirited engagement took place, July 5th, in which the flanking cavalry of the enemy compelled Sigel to retreat to his baggage trains. The Confederate loss was much greater than the Federal. Jackson's forces were greatly augmented during the night and morning by the arrival of Price with his Arkansas and Texas troops. Sigel, thus greatly outnumbered, continued his retreat to Springfield, where General Lyon joined and outranked him.

The State convention reassembled at Jefferson City July 20th, and by a vote of 52 to 28 declared the offices of Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, and of legislators, vacant because of the acts of treason of those officials. Their acts opposed to the Federal Government were declared null and