formed the van of the pursuing forces. The rest of Grant's army followed in close pursuit, moving in parallel lines with Lee's army to the south of it, attacking vigorously whenever any portion of the hostile forces came within fighting distance. Some of these engagements were sharply contested, and, as the men fought without breastworks, the losses were heavy. The seventy miles from Richmond to Appomattox was a long trail of blood. There were collisions at Jetersville, Deatonsville, Deep creek, Sailor's creek, Paine's Crossroads, and Farmville. The most important of these was at Sailor's creek, a small tributary of the Appomattox running northward into it, where Custer, supported by Crook, broke through the Confederate lines, capturing 400 wagons, 16 guns, and many prisoners.

Ewell's corps, following the train, were thus cut off from the rest of Lee's army, and were held in check until the arrival of the Union Sixth Corps, when a deadly fire was opened upon them. Ewell's veterans, thus inclosed between the cavalry and the Sixth Corps, without a chance of escape, threw down their arms and surrendered. Seven thousand men were made prisoners, among whom were Ewell himself and four other generals.

SURRENDER OF LEE, AT APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE, APRIL 9, 1865.—The remainder of the army continued its retreat during the night of the 6th, and reached Farmville early on the morning of the 7th, where they obtained two days' rations, and stopped to rest and prepare their food. The approach of the Federal troops, near noon, again set the Confederates in motion in a vain endeavor to escape the inevitable fate awaiting them.

Arriving at Appomattox Court House, April 9th, a week from the day they had set out from Richmond, they found Sheridan's dismounted cavalry across their paths, and the four trains of supplies which they had expected had been captured.

The Army of Virginia, unaware of the presence of the Federal infantry, expecting to break through the column of cavalry which blocked its way, made its last charge. The removal of Sherman's cavalry by his orders, after a sharp engagement, disclosed to the astonished Confederates a solid line of blue-coated infantry and glittering steel as Sheridan and his troops passed hurriedly around the enemy's left, prepared to charge the confused, reeling masses. Hope was changed into despair, and the Confederate general, yielding to the fiat of fate, sent a white flag waving to Gen. Custer. Hostilities were suspended, with the assurance that negotiations for the surrender of the Confederate army were then pending between Generals Grant and Lee.

Grant had first demanded Lee's surrender on the afternoon of the 7th, but Lee refused to consider any terms of surrender then. Several notes had been interchanged by them, and on the 9th the two commanders met in the house of Mr. McLean, where the surrender of the Confederate army took place.

MORALE OF THE ARMIES.-Of the proud army which defeated McDowell at Bull Run, and drove McClellan from before Richmond, suffered a backset at Antietam, shattered Burnside's hosts at Fredericksburg, triumphed over Hooker at Chancellorsville, valiantly though unsuccessfully met Meade at Gettysburg,

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and baffled Grant's bounteous resources for a time in the Over

land Campaign" in the Wilderness, at Spottsylvania, on the North Anna, at Cold Harbor, and before Petersburg and Richmond, but a mere wreck remained on the day of the final surrender. After the fall of Richmond the morale of the National troops had greatly improved, while that of the Confederate was more than correspondingly depressed. Each day witnessed the depletion of the Confederate ranks on this memorable retreat. When Lee finally surrendered at Appomattox, there were only 28,356 men left to be paroled. Of this number not more than 10,000 were able to carry their arms on this hopeless and almost foodless flight. Nineteen thousand one hundred and thirty-two Confederates were captured from March 29th up to the date of the surrender at Appomattox, which does not include the great number of killed, wounded and missing during the series of conflicts which marked the headlong and disastrous flight of the foe. The number of cannon taken between these two dates, including those at Appomattox, was recorded at 689.

GRANT'S GENEROUS TERMS.-In accordance with the terms. of surrender, the officers were required to give their individual paroles not again to take up arms against the Government of the United States until properly exchanged; and each company and regimental commander signed a like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery and public property were to be packed, stacked, and turned over to the proper officers. Officers were permitted to retain their side-arms. Each soldier claiming a horse was permitted to "take it home, to be used for

plowing." The starving Confederates were immediately fed by their captors. Each officer and man was permitted to return to his home, not to be disturbed by the United States authority so long as he observed the parole and the laws in force where he might reside.

The exceeding generosity of these terms to an army which had fought so stubbornly against its adversary, was a surprise to many who remembered the "unconditional surrender" at Fort Donelson and at Vicksburg. Grant's behavior was marked by a desire to spare the feelings of his great opponent. There was no theatrical display. His troops were not paraded with banners flying and bands playing. The humiliated and defeated troops were not marched before the lines of their captors to stack arms. He did not demand Lee's sword, as was customary on such occasions. Cheering, the firing of salutes, and other demonstrations of exultation over the victory, were promptly stopped.

Even Pollard, the Southern historian, in "The Lost Cause," pays a high tribute of respect to Grant on this occasion, in these words:

"Indeed, this Federal commander, in the closing scenes of the contest, behaved with a magnanimity and decorum that must ever be remembered to his credit, even by those who disputed his reputation in other respects, and denied his claims to great generalship. He had with remarkable facility accorded honorable and liberal terms to a vanquished army. He did nothing to dramatize the surrender; he made no triumphal entry into Richmond; he avoided all those displays so dear to the Northern heart; he spared everything that might wound the feelings or imply the humiliation of a vanquished foe. There were no indecent exultations; no 'sensations'; no shows: he received the sur

render of his adversary with every courteous recognition due an honorable enemy, and conducted the closing scenes with as much simplicity as possible."

President Lincoln arrived at City Point, March 24th, and was in constant communication with Grant from that date until the surrender of the Confederate army. He was mainly at City Point, but, accompanied by Admiral Porter, he went to Gen. Weitzel's headquarters, in the house so recently and suddenly abandoned by Jefferson Davis. He was recognized, and the crowd of blacks became so great to welcome and bless their emancipator, that a military force had to be called to clear a way for him through the streets. He repeated his visit to Richmond two days later, attended by Mrs. Lincoln, Vice-President Johnson, and several United States Senators. He returned to Washington on the day of Lee's surrender, which was considered the close of the war.

As soon as Lee's surrender became known, Secretary Stanton telegraphed an order to the headquarters of every army and department, and to every fort and arsenal in the United States, to fire a salute of 200 guns in celebration of the event. To Grant he dispatched: "Thanks be to Almighty God for the great victory with which IIe has this day crowned you and the gallant armies under your command. The thanks of this department, and of the Government, and of the people of the United Statestheir reverence and honor have been deserved-will be rendered to you and the brave and gallant officers and soldiers of your army for all time."