tercept their retrogade movement. And now the hitherto voluntary march of the Federals degenerated into a flight, pursued

by the enemy.

Battle of Glendale or Frazier's Farm, June 30.-At White Oak Swamp another desperate engagement took place, known as Glendale, White Oak Swamp (or Frazier's Farm, by the Confederates). McClellan directed the lines to be held until the trains could reach a place of safety on the James, where the army could be concentrated to enjoy a brief rest after the fatiguing battles and marches through which they were passing; after which, he expected to renew the advance on Richmond. The last of the trains reached Malvern Hill by 4 P. M. It then remained for the troops to hold their ground till night, when they could march to the stronger position on Malvern Hill.

The fighting began between 12 and 1 o'clock (June 30), was very severe, and extended along the whole line. The Confederate artillery inflicted serious loss upon Franklin's command, but he held his ground till night. Their attempts to cross White Oak Swamp Crossing were unsuccessful. Slocum withstood the enemy's attack at the Charles City road. McCall's division was forced back, but Hooker came up from the left and Sedgwick from the rear, and together drove the foe from the field. Ineffectual assaults were made upon Kearny, Porter, Sumner and Heintzelman. The firing continued until after dark. During the night all the remaining corps of the Union army were withdrawn to Malvern Hill.

Battle of Malvern Hill, July 1.—The morning of July 1 found the Union army posted on Malvern Hill, rising like an amphitheater and overlooking the river, which was crowded with transports and vessels of all descriptions. The hill was arranged with tier after tier of Federal batteries, rising to the plateau above. Generals Keyes, Slocum, Franklin, Sumner, Porter, Kearny and Heintzelman were there with their broken corps of the once splendid Army of the Potomac. The enemy was commanded by Generals Lee, Hill, Longstreet, Magruder, and Jackson. They opened a spirited engagement at four o'clock, Tuesday, July 1st. The fight was continued until ten o'clock at night. Three times the determined foe tried to capture the hill and drive the Federals down, but each time they were driven back with frightful carnage by the combined fire of artillery and musketry.

Thus ended the battle of Malvern Hill, the last of the Seven Days' Battle. Thus ended the last assault by the Confederates upon the troops of the Union in the "Peninsular Campaign." Thus terminated one of the most extraordinary campaigns which has ever occurred in the blood-stained annals of ancient or modern warfare. The loss on both sides was appalling. During the seven days' operation, the enemy lost over 20,000 men; McClellan's loss was about 16,000.

McClellan moved his troops to Harrison Landing, a strip of land along the north bank of the James river, five miles long, with several good wharves for the discharge of cargoes, situated eight miles from Malvern Hill. Being naturally well adapted

for defense, the vigorous use of the spade soon made it impreg nable against all attacks. The enemy had inflicted terrible punishment upon the Union forces, but had themselves received such calamitous reception that they withdrew from the conflict.

In effect, the Peninsular Campaign was a complete failure. It had not only failed in the capture of Richmond, but McClellan was compelled to change his base of operations, was forced to take the defensive, and retreat, in the series of battles. Immense quantities of stores had been captured or destroyed by the Confederates, and the Union army was cooped up on Harrison Landing.

Richmond being relieved from immediate peril of attack, Lee headed his army toward the North, to crush the Federals under Pope and threaten Washington.

CHAPTER XIII.

POPE'S CAMPAIGN.

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF VIRGINIA. The recent reverses around Richmond induced the President to put forth more strenuous efforts to strengthen the Union, and to resume an offensive campaign against the Confederates. He called for a levy of 300,000 troops, and preparations were immediately made by the various States to comply with the requisition. Gen. Henry W. Halleck was summoned to Washington, and invited to assume the duties and discharge the functions of General-in-chief of the land forces of the United States. The order was dated July 11, 1862, but he did not take command until the 23d. A new army, called the Army of Virginia, was organized, comprising the three corps of Frémont, Banks, and McDowell. The troops under Generals Sumner, Burnside and Porter were sent in the latter part of August to reinforce this newly organized army. Gen. John Pope was summoned from his Western successes, June 26th, 1862, to assume the chief command of the new department. Frémont, regarding Gen. Pope as his junior, accordingly tendered his resignation, which was accepted, and Gen. Sigel was assigned to his corps. The Army of Virginia now numbered more than 40,000. Its duty was to cover Washington, defend Maryland and the lower Shenandoah Valley, and finally to threaten Richmond from the

north, and there unite in the operations of McClellan against that city. The failure of McClellan before Richmond and Lee's subsequent invasion of the North compelled a revision of these designs.

CEDAR MOUNTAIN, AUGUST 9, 1862.-Gen. Pope was ordered to cross the Rappahannock and threaten Gordonsville. From the base of the Blue Ridge mountains he expected to be able to defend the approaches to Washington, to flank the columns which might be sent to the Shenandoah Valley, while he was preparing for an aggressive movement toward Richmond. Gen. Lee ordered Jackson with his veteran troops and Ewell with his division to Gordonsville to oppose Gen. Pope's advance. A. P. Hill's division soon followed, increasing the Confederate forces to 25,000 men in the vicinity of Gordonsville. Pope's forces had already advanced to Culpeper Court House. On the 9th of August a Union division met the Confederates near Cedar Mountain. A furious engagement occurred. The enemy was strongly posted, and was assailed by a force less than one-half of its own. The Confederates had the advantage in position, in numbers, and in the result. Pope then began a concentration of his forces, and expected the next day to operate upon Jackson's base, and compel him to fight on equal terms. During the night, however, Jackson withdrew from his position, and recrossed the Rapidan. The Union losses were about 2,400 against 1,300 for the enemy. While Pope's cavalry was in pursuit of the fugitives, it was discovered that Lee's whole army was moving in that direction, and near at hand. The pursuit