reached Salem by night. Thence, the next day, passing through White Plains, he debouched from the Bull Run Mountains through Thoroughfare Gap, and found himself on the line of the Manassas Gap Railroad and in full possession of the Federal communications with Washington, the first knowledge of his presence there coming to the front when he was at Bristoe Station, on Broad Run, an affluent of Cedar Run, which flows into the Potomac. Pope's failure to fall back almost at once when that cloud of dust appeared on his right led to manifold consequences, in which he was forced to retire by the stress put upon him in the rear, groping for the position of Jackson during the precious interval when Longstreet had not reinforced him, and when his corps might have been shattered by skilfully disposed superior forces, and perhaps overwhelmed. On the 26th of August Pope, as his orders and the terms in which they are expressed testify, was in the utmost bewilderment, and his mental condition was aggravated by messages from Halleck which embarrassed instead of assisting him. He still thought that his danger was on his front, and especially at Warrenton, and as he still held firmly at the town, he also maintained his extension to the left which he had combined with his concentration at Warrenton. And not only was the general-commanding distraught, but his troops were fagged out with useless marching and countermarching, what cavalry he had was well-nigh spent, and the slight confidence in him that had existed had departed at the spectacle of irresolution of which so many might be victims.

Stuart, with his cavalry, had started from near Waterloo before daylight, on the morning of the 26th of August, just when Jackson was about to begin his second day's march. That allowed ample time for cavalry to overtake infantry. In the evening, after dark, Lee, with Longstreet's

corps, crossed the Rappahannock at Hinton's Mills, six miles above Waterloo, and followed Jackson's line of march, while General D. H. Hill left distant Hanover Junction with a division, to concentrate his force with the other columns. Thus was the whole of Lee's army on the march towards or in Pope's rear that night, Jackson, with twenty-five thousand men, being at Bristoe Station. The prescribed limits of this memoir do not permit of describing all that immediately ensued during the recoil of the Federal army, or the devastation at Manassas. New dispositions having been hastily made on the following day, the 27th, the army faced to the right-about, and Hooker, who had arrived on the 25th from Alexandria, now marching from Warrenton Junction, defeated Jackson's rear-guard, under Ewell, at Bristoe Station. Simultaneously with Hooker's, ensued the general movement towards the rear. Pope had directed a strong force on Gainesville, subsequently relinquishing the position, thus opening the gate near Thoroughfare Gap through which Longstreet could join forces with Jackson. But for McDowell's sending Ricketts's division to check Longstreet beyond Thoroughfare Gap itself, Lee would have passed through absolutely without opposition. Then followed in swift succession the battle of Gainesville, on the 28th, in the course of the false move in full force from Gainesville to Manassas, and then the two days' battles of the Second Bull Run, on successive days; both of them, with only the difference of tactical changes, taking place on essentially the same ground, the first being fought with the troops of Jackson in a position which, the next day, became Lee's left wing, and the second being the final contest of the second day.

At Groveton, at dawn of the 29th of August, Jackson was occupying a slightly curved line, about two miles long, of mixed bank and excavation of an unfinished railroad.

Jackson's old division held the right of this, under General W. E. Starke, and Ewell's division, under General A. R. Lawton, the centre; the two previous commanders of these divisions, General W. B. Taliaferro and General R. E. Ewell having been wounded the evening before while on the march from Gainesville, in which the brigades of Gibbon and Doubleday on the Federal side, and the divisions of Taliaferro and the brigades of Lawton and Trimble, on the Confederate side, opened the series of contests by the severe engagement known as the battle of Gainesville. Jackson's left wing was constituted by the division of A. P. Hill. The position of Jackson was masked to a great extent by woods occupied by the Confederate skirmish line. On the Federal right, in its advance on the enemy, was the division of General Carl Schurz, on his left General R. H. Milroy's brigade, on his left General R. C. Schenck's division, and on his left General John F. Reynolds's division, in which General Meade commanded the Second Brigade. Schurz was on one side of a turnpike running about west-southwest, and Schenck and Reynolds on his left, on the other side of the turnpike, the Warrenton turnpike, which leads to Alexandria. Reynolds attempting, according to orders, to turn the enemy's right by advancing Meade's brigade, he was obliged to recall him, owing to the Confederate countermovement on the Federal right, necessitating the withdrawal of a brigade sent to Milroy by Schenck, who had been supporting Reynolds's movement. The troops were not numerous enough to cover a line of two miles in length opposite to the enemy's sheltered position formed by the partly rampart, partly excavated line of the unfinished railroad. Notwithstanding that fact, one signal success crowned the efforts of the Federal troops that morning, in the assault by General A. Schimmelpfennig upon and retention of a part of the enemy's railroad entrenchment until 2 P.M., when his