shell next the mace, and which coats the seed, becomes brittle; and the seeds, or nutmegs of commerce, drop out. They are then soaked in seawater, and impregnated with lime; a process which answers the double purpose of securing the fruit 'from the attacks of insects, and of destroying the vegetating property. It also prevents the volatilization of the aroma. The mace is simply dried in the sun, and then sprinkled with salt water, when it is fit for exportation.

CLOVE.

Ceylon, in India, and has now been many years in use, in Europe and America, as a pleasant spice. It is the bark of a species of laurel, remarkable with some other species, possessing similar properties, for its coriaceous leaf, marked with three strong nerves. It was originally found wild only, and in small quantities, at one part of the island; but when the Dutch obtained a settlement there, they cultivated it in large gardens or tracks. The extent of these plantations will be perceived, when it is stated that 400,000 lbs. were obtained from them, annually, and upwards of 25,000 persons were employed in the cinnamon business. The Dutch long had the monopoly of the article, and resorted to severe and even cruel measures to prevent the trade getting into other hands.

The cinnamon tree often grows to the height of twenty or thirty feet, and sends out large spreading branches. The leaves are first pendent, and of a delicate rose colour, afterwards they turn yellow, and then green. The flowers are borne in panicles, are small and white, partaking of the peculiar flavour of the tree. The fruit yields an oil, of which a kind of candles is made, which are used by the court, in the kingdom of Candy.

When the tree is three years old, it affords a shoot fit to yield bark; but eight years of growth At ten or The clove, caryophyllus aromaticus, is one of the are needful, before it can be freely cut. most precious commodities of the East, and one of twelve years of age, the tree is strongest, and the the most valuable in commerce. Almost every part plants, which grow in dry and rocky spots, produce of the plant is covered with minute dots or glands, the most pungent and aromatick bark. The shoots which contain the essential oil that gives the aro- are cut when about an inch thick; they are barked matick odour to it. These abound in the substance and the epidermis scraped off. The bark is dried of the germen, near the epidermis. The native in the sun, when it curls, and the smaller is rolled country of the clove is the Moluccas, but its culture within the larger. Cassia, in its botanical charachas extended to the East and West Indies. For-ter, is little different from cinnamon. In quality, merly it was the staple commodity of Amboyna. It it is much inferiour, though often sold for it. It is was introduced into the Kew gardens, England, by commonly known under the name of Bastard CinSir Joseph Banks, at the close of the last century.

The clove of merchandise is the unexpanded flower; the corolla forming a ball or space on the top, between the teeth of the calyx; thus, with the narrow base or germen tapering downwards, giving the appearance of a nail; a similarity, indeed, inore striking in the dry than in the fresh state of the bud. Hence the Dutch call it naghel; the Spaniards, clavo, the French, clou, from which the English clove, is evidently derived. In medicine cloves are used as stimulants, tonick and exhilarating; and they are used for the purpose of giving flavour to dishes and wines. The full-formed berries, which are about an inch long, pear-shaped, and of a violet colour, are sometimes preserved in sugar, and caten after dinner, to promote digestion.

namon.

CAMPHOR.

This tree or plant is a species of the Lameck, and is found in the East Indies; but the leaves do not exhibit the three strong parallel nerves of the Cinnamon and Cassia. The whole tree has the strong odour of Camphor, and this substance is obtained by the distillation of the roots and small branches. The article is often employed as medicine, as a cordial and stimulant. The camphor of Sumatra is found concreted in the clefts of the bark of other camphor trees. It is also found in China and Japan. but the former is more highly valued. The camphor of China and Japan, is more frequently importCinnamon is brought chiefly from the Island of ed into Europe, than that of Sumatra.

CINNAMON.

All agree that the Bible teaches that mankind are in danger of eternal ruin; that all have become sinful; that a way of pardon and salvation has been secured through the atoning sacrifice of the Redeemer; that whenever love to God, and the desire to do his will, is the regulating principle of the mind, men are prepared for heaven; and that without this character no happiness is to be hoped for in a future state: that no man will ever attain this character without supernatural aid from the Spirit of God; and that such influences are to be sought by prayer, and the use of the appropriate means of religious influence; that as the Bible is the standard of rectitude in all moral and relative duties, children are to be educated to understand its precepts, and urged by all the motives it presents to obey them.

The Melon, abattichin. This fruit is probably referred to in the Book of Numbers, xi. 5. Rev. Dr. Harris, in his Natural History of the Bible, says, "It is a luscious fruit, and so well known, that a de- There is not one of the eight largest Protestant scription of it would be superfluous. It was highly denominations, that would refuse assent to any one esteemed in Egypt in ancient times, and much used of these positions; and these principles are all that by the common people, especially in the hot months. need to be employed, in forming the moral and reli The earliest writers often speak of the melon ofgious character of children at school. The points Egypt, as a rich and grateful fruit. But it is not in which these sects differ, relate either to forms of confined to Egypt. It is found in most parts of church government, or to the rites of the church, or Asia and Europe, though the species are various. to the philosophy of religion; and these peculiarities The melon mentioned in the Book of Numbers, is never need be introduced into school, but can be probably the water-melon. It grows most abun-taught by parents and religious teachers elsewhere. dantly on the banks of the Nile; and serves for meat, drink and medicine. This explains the regret expressed by the Israelites, for the loss of this fruit, whose pleasant liquor had often quenched their thirst, and relieved their weariness in their bondage; and would have been very grateful in a dry, scorching desert."

But if any sects attach such importance to their own peculiarities, as to fear the influence of religious instruction exerted by those who differ from them on these points, they could institute schools, taught by persons of their own sects; and, though this might involve some dangers and some evils, yet there would be the counterbalancing good, which is often found to be the result of sectarianism: more would be accomplished in a good cause than

ESSAY ON THE EDUCATION OF FEMALE TEACH would have been, had no such jealousy existed.

ERS, FOR THE UNITED STATES.

BY CATHERINE E. BEECHER.

(Continued from page 64.)

One thing is certain, if religious influences are banished from our national system of education, every denomination will be injured in its most vital interests. For one who would be proselyted by a sectarian teacher, ten would be ruined by the vice and irreligion consequent on the neglect of moral

Our schools must have these influences: but, whether it shall be by the united or by the separate action of religious sects, is a matter of secondary consequence.

Nor is it because parents, all of them, are so preeminently well qualified to understand and regulate the varieties of youthful character: a labour demand-and religious influences. ing such experience, wisdom, energy, perseverance and self-denial; nor because they have such entire leisure to discharge these duties; nor because they are so entirely free from all liabilities to indolence, excessive indulgence, and blind insen- The reasons for the neglect of moral and religious sibility to the faults of their children; nor because education at schools, are, in the first place, the fact, they always so wisely and so faithfully fulfil all that intellectual superiority has too high a relative these duties, that they have no need of such co-oper-estimation in society. Men do award to genius and ating influences, from those whose business it is to aid in the education of children.

Nor lastly, is it because there is any such essential difference in the religious opinions of the great Protestant sects, that religious and moral instruction cannot be introduced into publick schools without encroaching on the peculiarities of those who support them.

Those great principles of religious truth and moral duty in which all agree, are the only ones which are needed in the moral education of children at school.

All agree that the Bible is the true standard of right and wrong, and the only rule of faith and practice. All agree that the evidences of its Divine authority should be understood, and that its contents should be studied.

knowledge an estimation not rendered to amiable character, true virtue, and sincere piety.

Another reason is, that mankind are not aware how much might be effected by teachers, in the most important part of education, were they properly trained for these duties, and allowed sufficient time and opportunity for the discharge of them.

Another reason is, that, to a very wide extent, teachers are not qualified for such duties,-do not know how to undertake them, and do not understand or feel their obligation, on this subject.

And the last reason is, that such are the present systems of education, so many pupils are given to the care of one person, and so great a variety of branches are to be taught by a single individual, that, in most cases, it is utterly impossible for teachers to attempt properly to discharge their most important

duty, without so neglecting what parents consider | school, and every teacher required to spend three the only business of a teacher, as to occasion dis- years in preparing for such duties; while, on an satisfaction, and the removal either of teacher or average, one teacher is furnished for every ten pupils. pupils through the nation. The effects of merely Until publick sentiment is so changed, that teach-intellectual culture soon convinced the monarch and ers shall be educated for their profession, and parents are willing to pay the price for such a division of labour as will give time and opportunity for the discharge of their most sacred duties, it is desirable that conscientious teachers should realize how much is left undone, in moral education, that might be accomplished.

In regard to education, the world is now making experiments, such as were never made before. Man is demanding disinthralment, alike from physical force, and intellectual slavery; and, by a slow and secret process, one nation after another is advancing in a sure though silent progress. Man is bursting the chains of slavery, and the bonds of intellectual subserviency; and is learning to think, and reason, and act for himself. And the great crisis is has tening on, when it shall be decided whether disinthralled intellect and liberty shall voluntarily submit to the laws of virtue and of heaven, or run wild to insubordination, anarchy, and crime. The great questions pending before the world, are simply these are liberty and intelligence, without the restraints of a moral and religious education, a blessing, or a curse? Without moral and religious restraints, is it best for man to receive the gift of liberty and intelligence, or to remain coerced by physical force, and the restraints of opinions and customs not his own?

The master-spirits of the age are watching the developments as they rise, and making their records for the instruction of mankind.

his counsellors that moral and religious instruction must be the basis of all their efforts; and now the Bible is placed in every school, and every teacher is required to spend from one to two hours each day, in giving and enforcing instruction in all the duties of man towards his Creator, towards constituted authorities, and towards his fellow-men.

And what is the experience of our own country? Those portions of the nation, most distinguished for the general diffusion of education, are those in which moral and religious influences have been most extensively introduced into schools, and have pervaded all the institutions of society. But, in those portions of our country the increase and jealousy of religious sects, and other combining causes, have had an influence in banishing the Bible, and moral and religious influence, more and more from publick schools. And now we hear the widely-extended complaint, that common schools are dangerous places for children; while parents, who are most regardful of the moral influences exerted upon their children, are more and more withdrawing them from what they deem such contaminating influence.

Thus, in those parts of our country which have been most moral and intelligent, the education of the lower classes is deteriorating, as it respects moral and religious restraints, while the statisticks of education, coming from other parts of the nation, are most appalling. We find that in one of our smallest middle states, thirty thousand adults and children are entirely without education and without schools. In And what results are already gained? In Eng- one of the largest middle states, four hundred thouland, the experiment has been made by the skepti- sand adults and children are thus destitute. In one cal Brougham; and, at great expense, knowledge of the best educated western states, one-third of has gone forth with increasing liberty, and all who the children are without schools; while it appears, have witnessed the results are coming to the con- that, in the whole nation, there are a million and a viction, that increase of knowledge, without moral half of children, and nearly as many adults, in the and religious influence, is only increase of vice and same deplorable ignorance, and without any means. discontent. And what are the results of the ex- of instruction. At the same time, thousands and periments in France? The statisticks of education thousands of degraded foreigners, and their ignorant show, that the best educated departments are the families, are pouring into this nation at every avenue. most vicious, and the most ignorant are the freest All these ignorant native and foreign adults are now from crime. And, in that country, where the na-voters, and have a share in the government of the tional representatives once declared that Christianity should be banished, and the Bible burnt, and the Sabbath annihilated, we now find its most distinguished statesmen and citizens uniting in the publick declaration, that moral and religious education must be the foundation of national instruction. Victor Cousin, one of the most distinguished philosophers of the age, and appointed by the king of France to examine the various systems of education in Europe, has reported, as the result of his investigations, that education is a blessing, just in proportion as it is founded on moral and religious principles.

nation. All these million children, in a very few years, will take the same stand; while other millions, as ignorant and destitute, are hastening in their rear. What is the end of these things to be? How long will it take, at this rate, for the majority of votes, and of the physical force of the nation, to be in the hands of ignorance and vice? That terrifick crisis is now before us; and a few years will witness its consummation, unless such energetick and persevering efforts are made as time never saw. (Concluded in our next.)

Look, again, at Prussia! with its liberal and pa- All animals display varied and strong intellitriotick monarch, with a system of education unequal- gence, but we notice most those acts which reled in the records of time, requiring by law that all semble our own. Thus, the species of the mothe children in the nation be sent to school, from the tacilly, called the tailor-bird, astonishes by sewing first day they are seven years of age, till the last two leaves together with vegetable fibres as with a day they are fourteen, with a regular course of lite-needle and thread, for its nest. The nightingale, rary and scientifick instruction, instituted for every wren, robin, &c. are other species.

The Revolutionary war was closed by the cap-on the Hudson, and marched through New Jersey ture of Cornwallis, at Yorktown, on York river, and Pennsylvania, to the head of the Chesapeake Virginia. He had just returned from Carolina, and The French Admiral De Grasse, who had just arnow hoped to subdue Virginia. But in September, rived, carried the American forces down the bay to the Americans and French, under Washington, sur-Yorktown

rounded him from all quarters on land; while the The army passed through Philadelphia in a line French fleet in the Chesapeake Bay blocked up the more than two miles long, and in very splendid mouths of the rivers, and shut out the English. style. The streets were filled with crowds, and the Clinton was at New York; but it was impossible for windows to the highest stories with ladies, all him to reinforce Cornwallis. Washington had harassed Clinton all summer, and induced him to believe that he was to be besieged in New York. On the 24th of August, Washington left his camp

cheering on the troops with immense applause. Washington, with all his generals; the French Count Rochambeau, with all his; General Knox, with one hundred cannon; and the whole army,

pressing on with proud steps and a noble confidence, was to second the address in the House of Lords presented a most magnificent spectacle. In the happened to be there when the messenger brought midst of this scene, news came, that the French the news. Without communicating it to any person, fleet had arrived in the Chesapeake. The whole Lord George, for the purpose of despatch, imcity rang with the notes of the general joy, and all mediately got with him into a hackney coach, and seemed inspired with confidence in a certain vic- drove to Lord Stormont's residence in Portland tory. Place. Having imparted the disastrous information Cornwallis was completely invested by the 7th of to him, and taken him into the carriage, they inOctober. He had raised intrenchments; but the stantly proceeded to the Chancellor's house in Americans and French had erected breast-works all Great Russel street, Bloomsbury, whom they found about him, and now opened their batteries. They at home; when, after a short consultation, they de fired day and night. The roar was terrible. The termined to lay it themselves in person before Lord ground, for miles, shook with it; and the bombs and North. He had not received any intimation of the shells were seen whirling and crossing each other event when they arrived at his door in Downing in the dark sky, and blazing like comets. If they street between one and two o'clock. The first minfell upon the ground, it was torn up for a rod around, ister's firmness, and even his presence of mind, and dozens were killed when they burst. The gave away for a short time under this disaster. ĺ bombs sometimes went over the heads of the enemy, asked Lord George afterwards how he took the and fell among the British works at Gloucester communication. As he would have taken a ball in Point on the other side of the river. The water his breast,' replied Lord George. He opened his spouted in columns as they fell. One night, an at- arms, exclaiming wildly, as he paced the apartment tack was made upon two redoubts, which the during a few minutes, O God, it is all over;' words British had built out so far, that they stood in the which he repeated many times under emotions of way of some American works just building around deepest agitation and distress. them. The French were ordered to take one redoubt, and the Americans under Lafayette, the other. The two parties tried to outdo each other. Lafayette carried his redoubt first, however, and sent his aiddecamp to the leader of the French party, through all the fire of the batteries, to tell him he was in. "So will I be," said the Frenchman, "in five minutes;" and he performed his promise.

Cornwallis surrendered on the 19th. His army, of about seven thousand men, marched out, at two o'clock, and passed between the American line on one side, and the French on the other, stretched out for more than a mile. They were dressed in their most splendid uniforms, with colours flying, and accompanied with fine musick. The English, carrying their colours bound up, marched with a slow and solemn step. The English general rode up to Washington at the head of the line, and excused the absence of Cornwallis, who feigned sickness. Washington pointed him politely to General Lincoln, and the latter directed him to a large field a little on the south, where the whole British army laid down their arms, and were led away prisoners.

The following article which we extract from a late number of Blackwood's (English) Magazine, describes the consternation of the British ministry when they received the intelligence of the capture of Cornwallis :

"During the month of November, the accounts transmitted to Government of Lord Cornwallis's embarrassments, augmented the anxiety of the Cabinet. Lord George Germaine, in particular, conscious that on the prosperous or adverse result of that expedition hinged the result of the American contest, and his own fate, as well as, probably, the duration of the Ministry itself, expressed to his friends the strongest uneasiness on the subject. The meeting of Parliament stood fixed for the 27th of the month. On the 25th, about noon, the official intelligence of the surrender of the British forces at Yorktown, arrived at Lord Germaine's house. Lord Walsingham, who, previous to his father, Sir William de Grey's elevation to the peerage, had been under secretary of state in that department, and who

"Military affairs have since displayed themselves. on a broader scale, and we can scarcely conceive that such notions of national calamity could be appended to the capture of a force which, however brave, scarcely amounted to the vanguard of a modern army, certainly not to the twentieth of the army with which Wellington appeared on the frontier of France. The misfortune of the troops under Cornwallis was unquestionable, but their characte was unstained; they had been brought by their com mander into a cul de sac, where, it is true, they might have held out for ever, if they could have received supplies by sea. But that contingency was too delicate to have been relied on by an officer of any intelligence. The result proved the fact. The French fleet took up the position which Lord Cornwallis's imaginary plan had marked out for the British. The army within Yorktown found, that though to Americans they were impregnable, they had a more formidable enemy, famine, to deal with; and finally, to that enemy, and that enemy alone, they surrendered.

"We next have a picture of a Cabinet Council in terrour. When the first agitation had subsided, the four ministers discussed the question, whether it might not be expedient to prorogue the meeting of Parliament for a few days; but as scarcely an interval of forty-eight hours remained before the appointed time of meeting, and as many members of both Houses had arrived in London, or were on their way, the proposition was abandoned. It became, however, indispensable to alter, and almost. remodel the King's speech. This was done without delay, and at the same time Lord George, as secretary for the American department, sent off a despatch to the King, then at Kew, acquainting him with the fate of Lord Cornwallis's expedition.

The narrative proceeds :- "I dined that day at Lord George's, and although the information which had reached London in the course of the morning from France, as well as from the official report, was of a nature not to admit of long concealment, yet it had not been communicated to me or any other in-. dividual of the company when I got to Pall Mall,