Bokhara was much to the same effect. He reports the Chinese army to have been 70,000 men.1 "A great portion of the soldiers were armed with large matchlocks, each of which was borne by two persons."

We proceed now with the Chinese account of the same events, as far as they are known, which will be found to corroborate the above narratives in the principal circumstances.

6

The interval after the first campaign, seems to have been employed by Changling in endeavoring to gain over the rebels. A report by him, in the Peking Gazette of February 22d, 1827, informs us," that his emissaries at Khoten had induced the rebels to give up four of their leaders bound, and to put one hundred of their followers to death. Changling raised an altar, dedicated to the heroes who had died during the war, and put the four leaders to death before it, as a propitiation to the manes of the fallen warriors; which the emperor approved of, and he gave rewards to those who delivered up the rebel chiefs. By a subsequent Gazette we learn, that Changling proposed to put the grand army in motion on the 26th of Feb. It was to advance in separate divisions; four days later, a victory is announced. "After the preceding defeat of the rebels," says our authority, "in which, by the official accounts, between 40,000 and 50,000 were slain or made prisoners, the enemy again collected the ashes of his army, to the amount of more than 100,000 men, who ranged themselves on the mountains, in the form of two wings, near the village of Wapatih." Changling divided his forces into two wings also, and advanced. The rebels maintained their position, in which they were attacked vigorously with musquetry and cannon. They then kept up a fire with the wind in their favor. The rebels again dashed through the smoke to attack, but Changling ordered up the 'tyger battalion,' which repulsed and threw them into confusion. The rebels then brought forward' a reserve of troops clad in crimson garments; but they were met by a body of troops from behind a village, and put to the rout. Between 20,000 and 30,000 of the rebels fell with some of the principal leaders.-We omitted, in speaking of the population of Chinese Turkestan, to notice that Mr. Wathen's report gives to the Khoten territory a population of 700,000 subjects who pay tribute. We must believe this in order to give credence to the Chinese returns of killed and prisoners, even when we allow for the Kokan contingent, to which the red-coated soldiers probably belonged.

The battle of Wapatih was followed by two other victories on the part of the imperialists, according to the Peking Gazette of the 25th April. The first took place at Yangouspatih, when the Jehangirites opposed the grand army with 50,000 men, and also harassed them in their rear. They gave way, however, after a fire of musquetry and cannon; but made a determined stand again the next day at Shakang. The imperialists divided and attacked them on two different quarters, with impetuosity and routed them. Upwards of 10,000 were slain and 3,200 were taken prisoners; a great number of horses, cattle, and sheep were also captured. Three days after the forgoing dispatches,

another arrived at Peking, containing an account of a third victory. Notwithstanding their former losses, the enemy are now described to have upwards of 100,000 men, who had collected at Shapootour, and posted themselves advantageously on the bank of a rivulet, whence they made sudden attacks with their cavalry, whilst they kept up a fire of musquetry and cannon, The imperial troops kept up an equally hot fire, whilst some crossed the river and attacked the enemy sword in hand. One of their leaders, Sihtepaurhte beat the drum (the signal to advance, the gong sounds the retreat), and made a desperate resistance. The imperial cavalry was ordered to charge in detatchments crosswise into the enemy's ranks, and break their line. Spears and arrows fell like rain. Pechung, a horseman in armour, killed Sihtepaurhte with an arrow, when the rebels fell into confusion and were dispersed. The cavalry pursued them thirty to forty le, to the banks of the river Kwan. They had there a few thousand men in reserve, who were attacked and routed. Two thousand cavalry and infantry, stationed on the west of the river, charged to support the others; but a tremendous fire from our (the imperial) cannon defeated and routed them. The killed and prisoners of the enemy were not less than 40,000 or 50,000 men, besides arms and horses innumerable, that were captured. No mention is made of the loss of the emperor's troops, but a report, on the subject from the governor's office in Canton, says the translator, makes the killed 20,000 men!

The emperor praised the commander-in-chief and generals of division highly, and bestowed rewards of a purple bridle and the order of kungyay (dukedom) on Changling, and the title "guardian of the heir-apparent on the two next in command. To the inferior officers he gave the Tartar title patooloo, with such epithets as brave, valiant, enterprising, &c., along with presents of archery, thumb-rings, swords, &c. The subsequent accounts of the battle state that all the Mohammedan villages and their inhabitants along the course of the Yangtama river were afterwards exterminated by the imperial troops.

10

Rumors in Canton affirmed that, after this, his majesty's forces sustained a defeat, which seems not improbable by the tenor of the account in the Peking Gazette of the 1st June. Subsequently to Jehangir's adherents in Khoten being given up by their brother Mohammedans, he placed, it is admitted, 1500 men in ambush, who cut off and destroyed a few Chinese and Mohammedans. General Yang Fung upon this advanced to attack the same or another party of rebels, who were drawn up at Pelamun, and beat the drum, and met the attack, opening at the same time a fire of small arms and cannon. Yang Fung ordered his cavalry to charge, and at the same time sent a party of troops to attack the enemy in the rear. At this moment a rebel leader on horseback, clad in a garment of variegated colors, was seen to advance, holding a red flag in his hand, which he waved as a signal to his followers to come on. The imperial troops advanced boldly to the charge, when suddenly another chieftain, holding a flag and followed by five or six hundred horse, dashed out from behind a sandhill, when musquetry and arrows blended, swords and spears met each

other. The Mantchou (Kirin) troops now rushed to the fight. One man was killed, but two of the officers seized the party-colored leader of the rebels and brought him off. The imperialists, upon this, pushed forward, and the rebels fled in confusion. They were pursued to the distance of twenty le, and 4,300 were slain, and 1600 taken prisoners. After this victory, the pihkih (beg) of Khoten came out with 1000 men, and surrendered the place to the emperor's commander. In this battle, says the Gazette, there were taken cannon, colors, spears, musquets, clubs, and bullets, unnumbered: and powder in great quantity. The chieftain in the variegated garments, spoken of above, was most likely an officer of the Kokan contingent. "The Usbecks," says Burnes,1 66 delight to appear before their kings in a mottled garment of silk, called udrus,' made of the brightest colors, which would be intolerable to any but the Usbeck." We do not find what became of the gallant chief, unless it be the same, named Koosootookih (called a foreigner), who was shortly put to the slow and ignominious death along with seven of his brothers, and twenty-five followers at Wooshih, where they are said to have first rose in rebellion. Koosootookih's mother, wife, and four children, of the Púlútih tribe, were sent into slavery at Ele. "Such punishments," says the emperor, "gloriously evince the laws of the land and cheer men's hearts."

11

12

The battle of Pelamun seems to have been the last affair of importance. The Peking Gazette, of the 1st July, mentions that Yárkand had submitted on the approach of the grand army, through the efforts of Opootoourman, a member of the imperial blood, and had delivered up eleven of the principal rebels, and one hundred and sixty others had been seized. General Yang Yuchun put these men to an ignominious death on the cross.

It does not appear at this time whether Kashgar had surrendered to the emperor or not, but a rebel named Chohour is said to have had the audacity to collect the remains of his party, and offer desperate resistance to a party sent against him by Yang Yuchun; but they were all destroyed. The emperor issued his commands, on the 27th July 1827, for the army to be withdrawn from Turkestan, leaving only garrisons in the principal cities. He takes occasion to affirm that upwards of 100,000 rebels had been slain during the war, and many thousands taken prisoners.

15

The stores collected for the use of the army were ordered to be sold at a reduced price to the Tartar tribes, to save the expense of bringing them back; and the commissariat on the frontier applied for 1,800,000 taels to bring back the army. Changling was also ordered back to Peking, and to deliver up the seal of his extraordinary commission, upon which was engraved "the general appointed to spread far and wide a dread of the imperial power."

All this time Jehangir had escaped. So far before as the 12th May, 1827, his majesty had complained in the Gazette" upon this subject. He had put, he said, a large force under the command of generals Changling, Yang Yuchun and Woolungah, for the extermination of the rebels. It was no difficult matter for them to take towns; but to

catch the rebel Jehangir was the object which could alone restore peace to those regions and manifest the just punishment of heaven. This day, continues the emperor, an express has been received stating that Yungkishaurh was vigorously besiged by his troops, but no certain information was gained of Jehangir. The generals, he adds, have not imitated my diligence, or they would not have been so remiss. It is right for me to punish them. Let the purple bridle be taken from Changling, and the lately confered titles from the

others.

Jehangir was reported" to have escaped into Yingkihurh, a foreign country, whither the troops had followed him; but some time afterwards all intention of pursuing him beyond the frontier was nominally abandoned,16 and an army of observation was proposed to be kept at Kashgar to watch him. Every means was, no doubt, taken to gain information of the rebel chieftain's movements, and we learn13 that on one occasion the khojan Ishak captured four Eleuths and a rebel spy from whom some intimation of Jehangir's movements was gained. Their information" seems to have been correct, for, on the 9th of March an express, which had traveled 800 le a day, reached Peking to annouce Jehangir's capture. In the month of February, says the emperor in his proclamation's on the occasion, the rebel formed a coalition with many of the Púlútih Khirgis and entered the frontier; but he was opposed by 400 of the black-capped Mohammedans and retreated again beyond the frontier. General Yang Fung pursued him to a mountain, where he pressed upon him and killed 200 of his men. Jehangir charged at the head of 300 cavalry, but was attacked by an ambuscade in the rear and all his followers killed but about thirty, who ascended the mountain. An officer named Hoo Chaou pursued him at first on horseback, but as the mountain was high and slippery, and the rebels had quitted their horses, he dismounted likewise and pursuing on foot killed five of the rebels. The rest rolled down the mountain and escaped, except ten who stood by Jehangir. Yung Fung with a large party now pressed on him on one side and Hoo Chaou on the other, and the latter seized him with eight of his followers, after Jehangir had attempted in despair to cut his own throat.

In the excess of his joy at this event, the emperor created Changling an hereditary kung (duke). "I bestow upon him," he continues, "the right to wear a precious stone on the top of his cap, and a round (instead of a square) dragon-badge on his breast and back; and restore to him the rank 'great statesman in the imperial presence.' I confer upon him the right to use a purple bridle; to wear a double-eyed peacock's feather, and I loosen from my own girdle two purses to bestow upon him, and an archer's white gem-ring from my own thumb. I give also a white gem-feather-tube for his cap; a white stone symbol of felicity and prosperity for his sash; and a pair of yellow-bordered, coral-studed purses, together with four smaller ones to hang there. Honors were also bestowed upon the other officers, and upon the black-capped Musselminn who assisted at the capture. The emperor issued, moreover, a thanksgiving manifesto on the occasion, as follows:

19

"Ever since the tripod of our dynasty was firmly established, his majesty Kwante has often displayed, gloriously, spiritual and divine aid. Changling, the commander-in-chief, reported last year, when Changkihur excited insurrection, and the rebels advanced as far as Auksú, whilst our troops attacked them, a gale of wind suddenly arose, and filled the air with flying sand and dust. Then the rebels saw in the distance, a red flame illuminating the heavens, and they were either slain or taken prisoners. On another occasion, whilst Changling was leading on the imperial forces at Hwan river, the rebels annoyed the camp during a whole night, till a violent tempest arose, which our troops availed themselves of, and dashed in among the rebels, when an innumerable multitude of them were taken, and had their ears cut off. The next morning the rebels all confessed, that they saw in the midst of a red flame, large horses and tall men, with whom they were utterly unable to contend; and hence they were obliged to flee. All these manifestations have proceeded from our looking up, and relying on the spiritual Majesty, and glorious power of Kwante, who silently plucked away the rebels' spirits; and enabled us to seize alive the monster of wickedness (Changkihur), and so eternally tranquilize the frontiers. It is therefore right to increase our sincere devotion to Kwante, in the hope of ensuring his protection and the tranquility of the people to tens and hundreds of thousand of years. I hereby order the Board of Ceremonies, to prepare a few words, to add to the title of Kwante as an expression of gratitude for the protection of this god. Respect this."

The emperor Keäking laid claim to a similar manifestation of prodigies in his favor during the rebellion in 1813.-His majesty now turned his attention to the punishment of Jehangir. The only observation that we find respecting his personal condition is that, when captured, he rode upon a grey horse, wore a blue goldthread silk jacket, and boots which were made of leather. He was immediately ordered to Peking.

21

An edict of the previous year, which has been already quoted in proof of Jehangir's genealogy, was now directed expressly to the Musselminn at Peking to inform them, that the order for the seizure of Abdalah his uncle, and all his family, was in consequence of their being of the same kin, and both of them descended from rebels, and that it did not concern other Mohammedans who might be peaceable and follow their respective occupations. Abdalah and his family, said the edict, ought to have suffered death, but the emperor could not bear to inflict that punishment upon him; they were only banished therefore, and distributed" in Yunnan, Canton, Kwangse, and Fuhkeën. Their wives and daughters were sent to other provinces to be employed as slaves. One daughter only, a child, was permitted to go with her mother. A son was ordered to be kept in the nganchǎsze's prison, and excluded from all intercourse, either by word o: letter, with any human being outside; and an annual report was to be made of all the prisoners. It will be seen in the first volume of this work,23 that Abdalah died in captivity in 1833, when his coffin was permitted to enter