years without intermission, I showed the most industry, and had the least success, I mean in the affairs of India. They are those on which I value myself the most; most for the importance, most for the labour, most for the judgment, most for constancy and perseverance in the pursuit. Others may value them most for the intention. In that surely they are not mistaken."

The Hastings affair was not spared by the caricaturists, and gave rise to one of the best of Gillray's earlier prints"The political banditti assaulting the saviour of India," in which Hastings defends himself with a shield of honour, against Burke, who fires a blunderbuss at him in front, while Fox is attacking him with a dagger behind, Lord North, in the meantime, is robbing him of some of his money-bags. Sayer published a print of "The Manager (of the Trial) in distress, in which Burke, Fox, and his fellow-accusers, are thrown from the bridge, owing to the giving way of the piers." (Peers.) In another print, "The First Charge❞— an Indian Prince deprived of his hookah, the accuser (Burke,) energetically appeals to his audience-"Guilty of not suffering him to smoke for two days." "The Galantee Show," the best of the set, represents Burke as the showman, exhibiting, by means of a magic lantern, a Benares flea magnified to an elephant; a Begum wart, as large as Olympus, Pelion, and Ossa piled one on the other; "Begum's Tears," of proportionate dimensions; and "an ouzle,” which appears as a whale. At the end of the Trial, Sayer published a large print, "The last of the Manager's Farce," in which the bust of Hastings is rising from black clouds of calumny, and surrounded with glory; the conjuror Burke has his hand full of charges, and is described as one of the managers, and a principal performer; who, having out-Heroded Herod, retires from the stage in a passion at seeing the farce likely to be damned."

Nothing could exceed the effects produced among the auditory at various stages of this Trial. Mr. Burke's details of the cruelties of Debi Sing were appalling and heart-sick

S

ening. A convulsive sensation of horror, affright, and smo thered execration, pervaded all the male part of his hearers; and audible sobbings, and screams, the female. He dropped his head upon his hands, and for some minutes was unable to proceed; from this he recovered sufficiently to go on a little further, but being obliged to cease from speaking twice at short intervals, the Prince of Wales, to relieve him, at length moved the adjournment of the House.

It is said that after the storm of Burke's eloquence had spent its force, and his voice for the moment ceased, his features still expressed the energy of his feelings, his hand seemed to threaten punishment, and his brow to meditate vengeance. Still stronger testimony is that of the accused himself. "For half an hour," said Hastings, "I looked up at the orator in a reverie of wonder, and during that space, I actually felt myself the most culpable man on earth;" adding, however," but I recurred to my own bosom, and there found a consciousness that consoled me under all I heard and all I suffered." Even the flinty Lord Thurlow was affected almost to tears; and some days after, observed that "their Lordships all knew the effect upon the auditors, many of whom had not to that moment, and perhaps never would, recover from the shock it had occasioned."

Erskine said of the conductors of the Trial, that they were wholly unparalleled, "shaking the walls that surrounded them with anathemas of superhuman eloquence."

Lord John Russell, in his Memorials of Fox, says: "The course of cupidity and fraud (in India), of robbery and oppression was brought to a close by the impeachment of Warren Hastings. For years Mr. Burke persevered in his great work. Neither the dilatory plan of a dissolution of Parliament, nor the appalling earthquake of the French Revolution (to none more appalling than to him,) ever distracted his attention from his great Indian enterprise. The speeches delivered by him in Westminster Hall are great monuments of industry and eloquence; they surpass in power those of Cicero when denouncing the crimes of

Verres. Finally, although the impeachment ended in an acquittal, its results were memorable and beneficial. Never has the great object of punishment, the prevention of crime, been attained more completely than by this trial.”*

BURKE AND MADAME D'ARBLAY.

In June, 1782, Madame d'Arblay, then Miss Burney, first met Mr. Burke and his family, at Sir Joshua Reynolds's villa, on Richmond Hill. Burke sat opposite to the young au thoress, spoke highly of her writings, as she told Mr. Prior, completely to win her admiration," and he was ever after most kind and friendly to her. She describes Burke, in her Memoirs, as tall, of noble figure, commanding air, and graceful address; his language copious, various, and eloquent; his manners attractive; his conversation delightful; he was not, however, all compliment, but mingled useful criticism upon Miss Burney's works. In the following year he procured for her father the situation of organist to Chelsea Hospital: "I could almost have cried," says Miss Burney, when he said: "This is my last act in office.'

After the introduction at Sir Joshua Reynolds's, Burke became a constant visitor to the house of Dr. Burney, in St. Martin's-street, Leicester-square, the last town residence of Sir Isaac Newton;† whence Dr. Burney's circle was called Newtonians."

Subsequently, Miss Burney's Windsor opinions, (after she had become maid of honour,) upon Hastings and the Regency Question, led her to regard Burke with changed feelings.

* Warren Hastings survived this Trial more than twenty years. He died in August, 1818; and in December of the same year died his leading counsel, Lord Ellenborough; and on the last day of the same month died Sir Philip Francis. Thus, within five months, Hastings, his defender, and his bitterest enemy, passed to their earthly restingplaces.

+ Dr. Burney, in an anecdote related to Boswell, (Life of Johnson,) erroneously states Newton to have died in this house: he died at Orbell'sbuildings, Kensington, (Curiosities of London.) At Campden Hill, at the present day, is a Newton House."

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She thought him the "cruel persecutor of an injured and innocent man," and as she saw the orator in the box in Westminster Hall, she exclaimed: "Poor Mr. Burke, so near to being wholly right, while yet wholly wrong!" Nevertheless, she still admired his eloquence-"nervous, clear, and striking." "When he narrated, he was easy, flowing, and natural; when he declaimed, energetic, warm, and brilliant;" and she thought Burke's oratorical powers far more gentlemanlike, scholarlike, and fraught with true genius than those of Mr. Fox.

BURKE'S OPINION OF THE SCOTTISH CHARACTER.

In November, 1783, Mr. Burke was elected Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. In April following, took place his installation, when in the course of his address, he thus expressed his esteem for the national character. "They are a people," he added to Mr. Wyndham, "acute and proud, of much pretension and no inconsiderable performance; and notwithstanding undue egotism and excessive nationality, on the whole very estimable."

"MUZZLING THE LION."

In the new Parliament of 1784, Burke was not viewed with much favour: the younger members, when he rose to speak, attempted to cough him down; or his speeches were received with affected laughter and violent vociferation, which led him once to say to his assailants that "he could teach a pack of hounds to yelp with more melody and equal comprehension." At another time, on Burke rising with papers in his hand, a rough country member exclaimed: "I hope the honourable gentleman does not mean to read that large bundle of papers, and bore us with a long speech into the bargain" when Burke was so irritated, that incapable of utterance, he ran out of the House. "Never before," said the witty George Selwyn, "did I see the fable realized-a

lion put to flight by the braying of an ass."

To muzzle the

lion became the common phrase for these attempts to prevent Burke being heard; and, as the Minister, Fox's young friends,. were foremost in their attacks, he was accused of encouraging these indecorous interruptions "given to a man possessed of an eloquence with which all that remains of antiquity must lose in the competition."

CARICATURES ON BURKE,

Burke appears to have been a leading object of attack to the resentful exultation of his political opponents. His warmth of feeling, and his splendid eloquence, made him one of the foremost champions in the desultory warfare which in 1784 was carried on against the ministerial majorities in the House of Commons; when the caricaturists made war upon his pretended Jesuitism; and they pictured the writer on the Sublime and Beautiful as a raving demon of sedition, one of the foremost of the followers of the political Satan. The Tories, in their derision, recommended the Opposition leaders to turn their talents to more profitable labours. Thus, in a ballad and caricature, Fox is exhorted to turn Preacher; and Edmund puts on the garb of feminine devotion, and leads as "Mistress" Burke:

For thee, O beauteous and sublime!

What place of honour shall we find?
To tempt with money were a crime;
Thine are the riches of the mind!

Clad in a matron's cap and robe,
Thou shalt assist each withered crone,
And, as the piercing threat shall probe;
Be't thine to lead the choral groan.

Thine to uplift the whiten'd eye,
And thine to spread th' uplifted hand!
Thine to upheave th' expressive sigh,
And regulate the hoary band!

One of the rarer prints of Gillray, published in April, 1783, satirizes the new administration under the representation of a "coalition dance," in which the principal characters in it