stems with i-stems, and of suffix -as- with suffix -i- (adducing § 102. examples). It must, however, be allowed that the like dat. forms of i-stems are otherwise unauthenticated.

Thus. Latin infinitives passive (med.)-clearly a recent formation of the language-must probably be treated as not hitherto explained with certainty.

XXI. Stems with suffix -ka-.

The suffix -ka- (cf. pronominal-stem ka-) is not common primarily, but secondarily is on the contrary a very favourite one (e.g. in the function of forming diminutives, cf. Lud. Schwabe, de deminutiuis graecis et latinis liber. Gissae, 1859, p. 44 sqq.). The numerous other suffixes, whose principal element is k, need not be considered here, excepting -ska- (whose s, it is true, is obscure), because it formed one kind of present-stem as early as the original language (§ 165, VI.), e.g. ga-ska-.

Sanskrit. Very rare as a primary-suffix, e.g. in çus-ka(dry) for *suš-ka (§ 55, 2, n), √çuš (çúš-yati dries), original sus (cf. Lith. saús-a-s, Sclav. such-ů dry, Zend hus-ka-; dhā-ká(masc. receptacle), √dha (set). As secondary suffix common, e.g. sindhu-ka- (adj. derived from Sindhu), stem sindhú- (nom. propr.); putra-ká- (masc. little son), putrá- (masc. son), etc.

Greek. Primary in On-кn (store-place), ve (place, lay); very common secondarily (cf. Budenz, das Suffix Kós im Griechischen. Göttingen, 1858), e.g. φυσι-κό-, φύσι-, θηλυκό-, θῆλυ-, καρδια-κό-, καρδία, λογικό- (if rightly separated thus) λόγο-, etc. Suffix -ισκο- here forms diminutives, e.g. παιδ-ίσκο-ς, παιδίσκη, stem παιδ-, etc.

Latin. Here also but few primary formations can be pointed to with certainty, as pau-co- (adj. few), cf. Gk. πaû-po(small), Goth. fav-a (adj. few); lo-co-, early stlo-co- (masc. place), from √stal, stla, further formation from √sta. Secondarily very common, as in Gk., e.g. ciui-co-, stem ciui-, urbi-co-, stem urbi-, belli-co, stem bello-, etc.

$103.

§104.

3. Formation of Comparative- and Superlative-Stems.

COMPARATIVE-STEMS.

1. Suffix original -yans-.

This suffix is perhaps a variation from a still earlier -yant-, and akin to -ant-, -mant-, -vant- (§§ 101, 91, 90); in these suffixes also we see t frequently passing over into s, and this change seems to have taken place in the case of -yans- as early as the original-language, since a *yant- appears nowhere (e.g. vidvád-bhis, but yáriyō-bhis, i.e. *yariyas-bhis). The suffix is a primary one, and is added directly to the final of the root. Like most primary-suffixes it is in its use confined to a few particular roots.

Indo-European original-language. E.g. nav-yans-, from nav-a- (new); magh-yans-, from magh-ant- or perhaps also magh-ara- (great); svad-yans-, scäd-u- (sweet); ak-yans-, āk-u (swift), etc.

Sanskrit. In later Sanskrit the early form -yans- is retained as -yas- only after vowels, but in the earlier language (Vēd.) also after consonants, in which case the later Sk. substitutes -iyās- for -yãs-, y being split up into iy (§ 15, b) and the short vowel being lengthened before y (§ 15, a). -iyās- shows its modern date also by the fact wanting in a language so closely akin as Zend.

The Sk. form that it is still

Suffix -yas-; e.g. Vēd. náv-yãs- from náva- (new); Sk. bhú-yãs- from bhú-ri- (much); gyá-yās- (older) √ģya (grow old), positive not used; sthéyas-, i.e. *stha-iyas- or *sthā-iyās-, from sthirá- (firm) for *stha-ra- (§ 7), √stha (stand); sphéyās-, i.e. *spha-iyās-, sphi-rá- (swollen), for *spha-ra-, √spha (wax, swell); pré-yãs- from priy-á- (dear), with root-vowel raised a step (or perhaps from an older root-form pra), etc.

Suffix -iyās-; e.g. vár-iyās- (better), vár-a- (good) and urú- for *var-ú (broad, wide); drágh-iyas-, dirghá- (long) for *dargh-a(§ 8), *dargh (darh), *dragh, and with many other adjectives

formed with suffix -a-; gár-iyãs-, from gur-ú- (heavy) for § 104. *gar-u- (§ 7), like it, from √gar; lágh-iyãs- from lagh-ú- (light); áç-iyās-, Vēd. from aç-ú- (swift), and so with other adjs. formed with suffix -u-; kśód-iyās- from kšud-rá- (small, scanty) from √ksud with step-formation; yáv-iyãs- from yúvan- (young), √yu with step-formation; máh-iyās- from mah-ánt-, Vēd. mah(great), √mah.

As a secondary suffix -iyus- appears in certain cases only, e.g. matīyās- from mati-mant- (intelligent), má-ti- (mind, insight, √ma + suffix -ti- + also -mant-), etc. These words are treated according to the analogy of the above-mentioned, as if e.g. mat were root of mati-.

Greek. The s of the suffix -yans- (the s is retained in the superlative, v. post.) is lost, and the y changed to or combined with a preceding consonant into oo, (§ 68, 1, d. e), e.g. κάκ-ιον- (n. sg. masc. κακίων) from κακ-ό- (bad), V κακ; ἔλασσον, i.e. *êλax-yov-, èλaxú (light), vẻ-λax-; ñd-lov- from ¿d-ú(sweet), √nd, åd; ëx0-10v- from exo-pó- (hostile), from èx¤-, which serves here as a root; μeîov-, i.e. *μey-yov-, from μiéy-as, μεγάλο- (great), ν μεγ; πλεῖον-, πλέον-, f.f. pra-yans-, πολύ(much), f.f. par-u-, √pra=par; so too μe-îov- (less), f.f. ma-yans, from a root ma, which mostly appears weakened to mi, mi-n (cf. Sk. mi-ná-mi, mi-nó-mi, pf. ma-má, ma-māú, fut. mā-syámi (throw down, annihilate).

Latin. -yans- became -yons- and subsequently -ios- (e.g. ma (g)iōsibus; § 77, 1, a), later -iōr-; in acc. n. neut. the later language also shows still the old s in the form -ius, i.e. -yas with loss of the n. In Lat. the comparative is regularly formed by means of this suffix, which is therefore used as a secondary one also. E.g. *mag-iōr-, hence mă-iōr- (§ 77, 1, a), n. neut. mā-ius, but adverb mag-is for *mag-ius, mag-no- (great); plūs, plous (more) from *plo-ius=Tλe-îov, f.f. pra-yans-, √pra=par (fill), pleores (carmen Aruale) for *ple-ior-es, √ple-plo, original pra, compar. of ple-ro- (plerus Cato, pleri-que), plē-no- (full);

§ 104. leu-iōr-, i.e. *legu-iōr-, can come equally well from *leg-iōr(§ 73, 1), √leg-, f.f. lagh, or, though less probably, from adjective-stem legu- in leui- (light), i.e. *leg-ui-, a further formation of *leg-u-, Sk. lagh-ú-, Gk. λax-ú-; min-ōr- (smaller), from a root min, stands for *min-iōr-, min-us for *min-ius-, f.f. man-yans-; doct-iōr- from docto- (doctus learned, √doc), which loses its final vowel only before the suffix, like all adjs. in vowels; facil-iōrfrom facili- (easy to do; v/fac), etc.

$105.

2. The suffix -tara- and -ra-.

The suffix -tara- is the ordinary comparative suffix in Sk., Zend, and Greek; it is also found here and there in the other languages. It is a secondary suffix; primary but rarely.

The suffix -tara- is very probably compounded of the two frequent stem-formative suffixes -ta- and -ra-; -ra- occurs also alone in the function of comparative formation, e.g. Sk. áva-ra- (lower), from áva (prep. of), ápa-ra- (hinder, latter), ápa (prep. of)= Zend apa-ra- from apa; cf. Lat. sup-eru-s, sup-er, inf-eru-s, inf-er (sup-er-ior, inf-er-ior, add to the older comparative element -which has lost its comparative force-the ordinary comparative suffix).

Indo-European original-language.

The suffix -tara- was, it seems, already applied to the function of forming comparatives from pronominal-stems and the like; thus an undoubted primitive stem is found in an-tara- (interior) from pronominal van, stem ana- (demonstr.), where exceptionally the suffix is probably primary; moreover ka-tara- (uter), pronominal-stem and √ka- (interrog.).

Sanskrit. -tara- (masc. -tara-s, fem. -tarā) is added to the end of nominal-stems simply (used also in case of substantives); variant nom.-stems have their shorter stem-forms before this suffix, e.g. púnya-tara- from púnya- (pure); ka-tará- (uter, interrog.), ka- (quis); ya-tará- (uter, rel.), ya- (rel.); i-tara(other), vi (is); çúki-tara- from çúki- .(pure); agnimát-tarafrom agnimánt- (being with fire); vidvát-tara-, Vēd. also vidúš

-tara-, stem vidvant-, vidvans-, weakened to vidus- (part. pf. act.; § 105. knowing, cunning); dhani-tara-, Vēd. also dhanin-tara-, dhanin(rich). In án-tara- (interior) -tara- is primary, √an, stem ana(demonst.); -tara- is found after comparatives in -yans-, and after superlatives in -is-tha- also, e.g. çréstha-tara- from çrésṭha(best; cf. 'Superlative').

Greek. Suffix -Tepo- original and Sanskrit -tara-, e.g. κουφό-τερο-, κούφο- (light), πό-τερο- for κό-τερο- (uter) from root and pron.-stem Tо-, ko- (quis), but after a short vowel preceding, with final o, original a, lengthened, e.g. oopw-tepo-, σοφό- (wise); γλυκύ-τερο-, γλυκύ (sweet); χαριέσ-τερο- for *FεT-TEро (§ 68, 2) from xapl-FeVT-, in shorter form xapiFer,

etc.

Cases like pix-Tepo- from píxo- (dear) treat -Tepo- as primary suffix, whilst in φιλαίτερο-, ἰσαί-τερο-, μεσαί-τερο-, and the corresponding superlatives, φιλαίτατο-, μεσαί-τατο-, etc., there is an underlying stem different from that of the regularly-formed φιλώ-τερο-, etc.

Note.-Benfey (Or. u. Occ. ii. 656) assumes as a basis for this formation an early locative in a, since in Sk. in certain cases before -tara-, -tama-, the locative case occurs instead of the stem, e.g. aparāhņē-tara- beside -na-tara-, from aparāhṇá(masc. afternoon).

The termn. -έσ-τερο-, e.g. εὐδαιμον-έσ-τερο- from εὐδαιμον(fortunate), appears to have been transferred from adjs. in -eo-, e.g. oapéo-тepo, σapés- (clear), to other stems; whilst in -ίσ-τερο-, e.g. λαλ-ίσ-τερο- from λάλο- (talkative), we can hardly be mistaken in seeing a combination of the suffix -yans- in its shortest form -is-, with the more recent comparative-ending -tara- (cf. superlative --To-, and Lat. superlative in *-is-tama-, -issumo-, as well as Lat. -is-tero-).

Latin. The suffix -tara- appears only exceptionally, e.g. in u-tero- for *cu-tero- or *quo-tero-, n. sg. masc. u-ter (whether, i.e. which of two), neut. u-tro-m, fem. u-tra, e of the suffix