(§ 59, 1), √ad (eat); sthá-na- (place, ntr.), √stha (stand,—if § 94. it belong not to -ana-); secondarily in purā-na (adj. old) from purá (previous, earlier); mali-ná- (adj. dirty), from mala(masc. ntr. dirt); phali-ná (bearing fruit), from phala- (ntr. fruit); the latter exx. coincide in form and function with past part. pass. Greek.

K

T-vo-=Sk. and origl. sráp-na-; λíx-vo- (adj. dainty, greedy), γλιχ (λείχω lick); λύχνο- (masc. lamp), γλυκ (λευκ-ό-ς clear), origl. ruk (on x for x before v, v. § 68, 1, c; other exx. of primary sf. -na- v. post.); the sf. is secondary in cases like ὀρεινό-=*ὀρεσ-νο (hilly), stem ὄρες- in ὄρος (ntr. hill) ; σκοτεινό=*σKOTEσ-VO- (dark), stem σxóτes- in σxóтos (ntr. darkness), etc.

Latin. som-no- for *sop-no-=origl. svap-na-; common as secondary sf., e.g. pater-no-, uer-no-, salig-no- (stem salic-), etc.; also often with long a, e, i before -na-, as font-ano-, stem font-, equi-no-, stem equo-, alie-no- (§ 38) from stem alio-, cani-no-, stem cani-, boui-no-, stem bou-, boui- (conson.-stems change to iforms), doctri-na, stem doctor-, doctri- from *doctori-, etc.

Suffix -na- forming past part. pass.

We reckon here those languages also which show only a few exx. or scattered traces of this use of sf. -na-.

Indo-Eur. The different uses in the different languages of -na- make it almost impossible to find many roots in which we can be sure that the p.p. pass. was formed from them by -na- as early as the time of the origl. lang. This was however undoubtedly the case with √par (fill), whose part. par-na- (full), masc. parna-s, ntr. parna-m, fem. parnā, was already in existence. We cannot believe that this method of formation was confined to this one root.

Sanskrit. The formation in -na- is used in comparatively few roots, e.g. pūr-ṇá- for *par-ná- (§ 7), √par (fill); stīr-náfor *star-ná- (§ 7), √star (sternere); bhug-ná-, √bhug (bend); bhin-ná- for *bhid-ná- (§ 59, 1), √bhid (split), etc.

Greek. Not as a regular participial formation. Yet here

§ 94. belong adjs. like e.g. σeμvó- for *σeß-vó- (§ 68, 1, c) ‘revered,' √σeß (σéß-oμaι revere); åy-vó- (worshipper, hallowed), √ȧy (alo-μaι revere); σTʊy-vó- (hated, detested), vσTuy in ě-σTUY-OV (στυγ-εῖν hate) ; στεγνό- 'covered, νστέγ in στέγ-ω (cover); Sel-vó- 'feared,' √di (fear, cf. de-λó-s cowardly, dé-doi-ka); Toleɩ-vó- 'longed-for,' verb-stem TоƉEе- (πоƉéw long for), etc. Substantivally used is Ték-vo- 'thing born, bairn,' √τе (bear, cf. ἔ-τεκ-ον, τέ-τοκ-α).

§ 95.

Latin. Not as regular participial formation. Relics are e.g. plē-no- (filled) √ple=pla, origl. par (fill); mag-no- ‘increased,' mag-Sk. mah (wax); dō-no- 'gift,' √da (give); reg-no- ' ruled thing,' √reg (rule), etc.

XII. Stems with suffix -ni-.

Like

Sf. -ni- is much like -ti- in use and function, but rarer. -ti- it appears added to other sff. (cf. § 98, Lat. sf. -tiō-ni-). Generally speaking, there stand side by side the suffix-scales -na-, -ni-, -nu-, and -ta-, -ti-, -tu-. Sf. -ni- is origl.

Indo-Eur. ag-ni- (fire), √ag?, is the only trustworthy example; yet it is highly probable that abstracts in -ni- were formed before the division of languages, because they occur in all Indo-Eur. languages.

Sanskrit. E.g. glá-ni- (fem. fatigue, exhaustion), √gla (lose strength); há-ni- (fem. abandonment), √/ha (leave); ģír-ni(weakness from age) for *gar-ni- (§ 7), výar (to age), etc.,. which all form their p.p. pass. in -ná-: all, however, do not take sf. -ni-, the majority take -ti-, e.g. khin-ná- (splitten), but khit-ti- (splitting, n.), √khid.

The datives of these abstracts in -ni-, like those in -ti-, can serve as infinitives.

Greek. Sf. -ni- is rare in Gk.; e.g. μñ-vi- (μñvi-s, g. unvi-os, fem. wrath), √origl. ma (think); σπá-vi- (fem. want),

σπα.

Note.-Benfey, followed by Leo Meyer (Vgl. Gramm. ii. 141), explains the much-debated Gk. forms in -w, such as x- (echo),

TELO-ó (persuasion, earlier @), etc., voc. Teloî, g. Teloûs from § 95. πειθοῖ, πειθούς *πeloos, etc., as stems in -ovi-, f.f. thus ani- (*Teil-ovi, whence TELO-oî, as e.g. μeilw from μeilova); G. Curtius (Erläuteπειθ-οῖ, μείζω μείζονα); rungen, p. 50 sqq.) on the other hand, as stems in -oFt-, probably rightly (cf. their Iôn. acc. in -ovv).

Latin. Masculines only, e.g. ig-ni- (ignis fire)=Sk. ag-ni- ; pā-ni- (bread), √pa (cf. pa-sco); pē-ni- for *pes-ni- (§ 77, 1, a), ✔origl. pas (gignere ?), cf. Sk. pás-as (ntr. pēnis), Gk. wéos for *πεσ-os, M.H.G. vis-ellin (penis); probably also crī-ni-, fù-ni-, fi-ni- and lē-ni-, seg-ni-, the roots of which are difficult to trace. XIII. Stems with sf. -nu-.

Indo-Eur. ta-nu- (stretched; body), √ta (stretch); su-nu- §95a. (one born, son), √su (bear, beget). The stems in -nu- are also used as pres.-stems (§ 165, iv. a), e.g. ta-nu-, √ta; ar-nu-, √ar. Sanskrit. ta-nú- (thin; fem. body), √ta; sú-nú- (son), √su; bhā-nú- (sun), √bha (shine); tras-nú- (fearful), √tras (tremble); grdh-nú- (greedy, eager), gardh (seek, strive), etc.

Greek. Sf. -nu- is very rare, e.g. Opñ-vv- (footstool), √Opa (Opý-σaolaι seat oneself; Opâ-vo-s seat), origl. dhra, dhar (set, fix); λy-vú- (fem. smoke, mist), root doubtful.

Latin. Sf. -nu- very rare, as in Gk.; te-nu-i-, like adj.stems in u- generally (§ 88, b), has passed into the i-form; *te-nu-=origl. ta-nu-. Probably ma-nu- (fem. hand) belongs here, origl. ma (measure, shape).

XIV. Stems with sf. -ta-.

The participle in origl. -ta-, the past part. pass. comes under special notice here.

The element -ta- (cf. the pronominal root of like sound), one of the commonest sff. of our language, is multifariously used in stem- and word-formation (for the formation of the 3 pers. of the verb, probably also for the ablat. sg., as case-sf.). The sf. -ta- forms not only the adj. discussed hereafter, which must probably have had a more general meaning originally (cf. e.g. Sk. stem sthi-tá- 'standing,' √stha stand, like Gk. σTα-тó-; çak-tá'powerful, mighty,' √çak 'be able, capable'), and have been

§ 96.

§ 96. hardened into a regular means of expressing p.p. pass. only at a later period of the Indo-Eur. lang.-but nouns also substantivally used are formed by -ta-, e.g. Gk. коî-то- (masc. couch, bed), κoí-τŋ (fem. id.), √kɩ (keî-taι lies); póρ-To- (masc. load, burden), √pep (pép-w bear); TÓ-TO- (masc. draught), √πо (drink); apo-To- (masc. ploughing), stem ȧpo- (plough); here belong nomina agentis masc., with stem termination raised to -τη-, as κρι-τή- (n. κριτής judge), γκρι (κρί-νω sift); δέκ-τη(receiver), ν δεκ (Ion. δέκομαι beside δέχομαι, receive); ποιη-τή- (maker, poet), verb-stem ποιη- (ποιέω make); προ-pη-τý- (prophet), √pa (†n-μí say); TOğEV-Tý- (bowman), verbstem ToğEV- (Tоğeuw shoot arrows), etc., which end in -Ta, sometimes in nom. case, in Hom.; Latin noxa (hurt), i.e. *noc-ta, √noc (nocere hurt); sec-ta (mode of action, sect), √sec (sequi follow); and in Zend, Scl., and Lith.

As a secondary sf. -ta- often occurs, thus in function of forming superl. (v. post. § 106), moreover in Gk. -TMŋ- (as primarily), forming nomina agentis, e.g. Tоkó-τη- (bowman), Tó§O(bow, ntr.); iππó-тη- and -та (horseman), ππо- (horse); TOM-Tη- (burgher), Tóλ- (fem. city), etc.; further often forming fem. abstracts, e.g. Sk. prthu-tā (breadth), prthú- (broad); Gk. Bio-Tý (life), Bío- (masc. life); Scl. and Goth.

Sf. -ta- forms moreover one kind of pres.-stem (§ 165, vii.), e.g. Gk. TÚTT-TE-, TUT; often it stands combined with other sff. also added. These combinations will be collected at the end of

this section.

Indo-Eur. The sf. -ta-, forming the p.p. pass., occurs immediately at the end of the fundamental form of the root in case of stem-verbs, in case of derived verbs at the end of the verb-stem, e.g. da-ta- (datus), n. sg. masc. da-ta-s, ntr. da-ta-m, fem. da-tā, √da (give); kru-ta- (*clutus), √/kru (hear); kak-ta(coctus) kak (cook); sadaya-ta- (fixed, set), stem sādaya-, √sad (sit), etc.

Sanskrit. Sf. -tá-, n. sg. masc. -tá-s, ntr. -tá-m, fem. -tá,

e.g. çru-tá-, √çru (hear); ma-tá-, √ma, man (think); ģńā-tá-, § 96. ✔ýna (know); bhr-tá-, √bhar (bear); yuk-tá-, √yug (join); bad-dhá- for *badh-ta-, badh, bandh (bind); lab-dhá- for *labh-ta-, √labk (get); višṭá- for *viç-tá-, √viç (enter), etc. The contact of the sf. with consonantal root-terminations brings many sound-laws into play (cf. §§ 58, 59, for details a Sk. special grammar). Several roots have auxil.-vowel i (§ 15, f), e.g. pat-i-tá-, √pat (fall); rarely i, e.g. grh-i-tá-, √grah, grabh, (seize, grasp); stems in -aya- always have i, which is probably a relic of -ya-, e.g. vēdi-tá-, stem vēdaya-, or perhaps from a stem *vēd-ya- (make known) √vid (perceive).

Roots ending in nasals, which did not become amalgamated with the origl. root vowel-termination till a later date, show their shorter primitive form before the sf., e.g. ga-tá-, √ga (go), which appears mainly as gam; ta-tȧ-, √ta, which appears mostly as tan (stretch), etc. On the other hand, e.g. kān-tá-, with nasal retained and root-vowel lengthened, ✔kam (love).

Before this sf. weakening or loss of root-vowel a is very common, e.g. kr-tá-, √kar (make); prš-tá-, √prakh (ask); sthi-tá-, √stha (stand); hi-tá- for *dhi-tá-, √dha (set); pì-tá-, √pa (drink), etc.; dattá- for *dad-ta- retains pres.-reduplication (cf. 1 pl. pres. dad-más damus), √da (give). Particulars of this formation would be out of place here.

λείπ-ω,

Greek. Sf. -Tó-, n. sg. masc. -Tó-s, ntr. -τó-v, fem.-τý; e.g. KλU-тó-, √Kλʊ (hear); step-formn. of root-vowel remains the same as in pres.-stem, peuк-тó-, 1 sg. pres. peúy-w, √ puy (flee), at an earlier period puk-тó- still existed; λπ-тó-, pres. Xíπ-w, VT (leave); other pres. formns. however are not retained in γλιπ these forms ; σπαρ-τό-, νσπερ (sow), pres. σπείρω=*σπερ-ψω ; στα-τό-, νστα (stand), pres. ἵστημι ; θε-τό-, νθε (set), pres. τί-θη-μι; γνω-τό-, γνο (know), pres. γι-γνώ-σκω; Fρηκ-τό-, V Fρακ (break), pres. Fρήγνυμι ; τιμη-τό-, verb-stem τιμη(honour), pres. Tiμáw, etc. Acc. to Leo Meyer (Vgl. gr. ii. 318 sqq.) in like compound forms there occurs -7- also, instead of