Sf. -μev-, e.g. in πve-μév- (masc., n. sg. πv0-μýv bottom, foun- § 91. dation), Tue, cf. O.H.G. bod-am; Toi-μév- (masc., n. sg. πo-μýv shepherd)=Lith. pë-men- (n. sg. pě-mű), root accordingly pi, perhaps a weakening from pa (protect).

Closely connected is the sf. -μovn, e.g. þλey-μový (inflammation), φλεγ (φλέγω burn); χαρ- μονή (joy), V χαρ (χαίρω rejoice), etc.

Here too probably belong sff. -ui-v- and -μi-vo-, e.g. ¡ny-μîv(masc., gen. sg. ¡ny-μîv-os surf, breakers), √pay (in pńy-vvμı break); vo-μîv- (dat. sg. vo-μîv-1) and vo-μlvn (strife), √i0, Sk. and origl. yudh (strive); also as secondary sf., e.g. in kuêλá-μīvo- (masc. and neutr., name of a plant, cyclamen), from κύκλο- (κύκλο-ς circle).

Also the very common sf. -μаτ- (ntr.) is related to the sff. above named; e.g. eî-μaт- (garment), Aiol. Féμμat-, i.e. *Feo-μaτ-, √ Fes (évvvμɩ, i.e. *Feσ-vvμ clothe); öμμat-, i.e. *οπ-ματ (eye), Aiol. ὄπ-πατ-, νοπ (ὄψομαι, ὄπωπ-α see); cf. Séσ-μат- (bond) beside Seo-μó- (masc. id.) and deo-μń (bundle), ν δε, δες (δέω bind); βαδίσματ- (going) beside βαδισμό- (masc. id.) from βαδίζω (step, go); χάρ-ματ (joy) beside χαρ-μονή (v. supr.); py-μar- (fracture) beside pny-μîv- (v. supr.); el-μатbeside ἀν-ει-μον- (garmentless); πρᾶγματ- (deed), ν πραγ (πράσσω), beside πολυ-πραγ-μον- (busybody); μνῆ-ματα (memorial) beside μνήμη and μνη-μον- (v. supr.); σπέρματα (seed), ν σπερ (σπείρω sow), beside σπερ-μαίνω, i.e. *σπερ-μαν-ψω (sow), and the like.

In Latin also the sf. origl. -ma- occurs, as Lat. -mo- (-mu-) in an-i-mo- (n. sg. animus spirit), origl. van (blow); fù-mo(fumus smoke), origl. √dhu (move); fir-mo- (firmus firm), probably Sk. dhar (hold; cf. fre-n-um bridle, from same root); for-mo- (formus warm), √fer (fer-ueo); al-mo- (almus nourishing), √al, nourish; an-i-ma (life), cf. an-i-mo-, origl. √an (breathe, blow); fă-ma- (fame)=Gk. pý-μn, √ fa (fa-ri say); for-ma (form), cf. Sk. dhar-i-mán- (v. supr.), etc.

$ 91.

Sf. origl. -man-, Lat. -men-, is common; e.g. ger-men (ntr. germ, shoot), √ger, origl. ghar (be green); *gnō-men (nō-men, co-gno-men name), Vgno, origl. gan (know); sẽ-men (seed), V sa (sow), teg-men, teg-i-men (covering), √teg (cover); ag-men (troop, crowd), vag (drive); solā-men (solace), verb-stem sola(solari console); certa-men (contest, match), verb-stem certa(certare struggle); moli-men (effort), verb-stem molī- (moliri undertake), etc.

This sf. is lengthened into -mōn-, e.g. in ser-mōn- (n. sermo masc. speech), √ser (arrange, put together; in ser-o, ser-tum); ter-mōn-, cf. ter-men, ter-min-o- (border), √ter, Sk. and origl. tar (exceed, come to the end); often moreover increased by -to-, e.g. in co-gno-mento-, in-crē-mento, teg-i-mento-, aug-mento- beside aug-men, seg-mento- beside seg-men, etc.; this -mento- is particularly common in case of derived verbs, e.g. armā-mento-, nutrī-mento-, experi-mento-, etc. (ntr., n. acc. sg. -mentu-m); to this sf. -mōn- was added the suffix origl. -ya- also, likewise attended by lengthening (or step-formation), whereby consequently arose sf. -mōnio-, f.f. -mānya-, which is mostly a secondary suffix, e.g. quer-i-mōnia (complaint), quer-or (complain); acri-mōnia (sharpness) from stem acri- (ācer, acri-s sharp); testi-mōnio(testimony) from testi-s (witness); mātri-mōnio- (wedlock) from stem mātri-, from mater-, origl. mātar- (mother), etc.

Participial suffix -mana-.

Indo-European. -mana-, in the function of forming participles, appears originally annexed to the stems of the present, future (formed indeed by means of a present), aorist, and perfect, thus e.g. √dha, pres.-stem dhadha-, dhadha-mana-(тılé-μevo-), fut. dhā-sya-mana (Oŋ-ɗó-μevo-), aor. dha-mana- (Oé-μevo-), perf. (from √dha this part. would coincide with the pres. part. in form), e.g. bha-bhar-mana- or bhabhār-mana- from bhar, perfect-stem bhabhar-, bhabhār-.

Sanskrit. This sf. is here sounded -māna-, wherein we recognize an unoriginal lengthening or step-formation of origl.

-μων

-mana- (cf. Zend -mna-, Gk. -μevo-, Lat. -mino-, -mno-, all with § 91. vowel unraised), just as in Lat. -mōn-, -mōn-ia-, Gk. -μwv- stand contrasted with sf. -man-, which is proved to be the original form by the correspondence of the languages. It occurs as part. med. and pass., added to present- and future-stems as well as to the perfect-stem (the latter however almost exclusively in the earlier stage of the language). Instead of this -māna- there mostly appears in those present-stems which do not end in stemformative a (except na), and in the perfect, a form -āna-, which appears to be a later, secondary form for -mäna-, just as -ē for -mē, origl. -mai, in 1 sg. med., -a for -ma in 1 sg. act. pf. (v. post. Personal-terminations of the verb). The possibility that -āna- for earlier -ana- may be a sf. distinct from -mana- cannot nevertheless be denied, only in that case -na- would be expected rather than -āna-.

Examples. 1. Sf. -mana-, e.g. pres. bhára-mana-, pres.-stem bhāra-bhar (bear); nahyá-mana-, pres.-stem nahya-, in pass. function, med. on the other hand náhya-māna-, pres.-stem náhya-, √nah (tie), etc. Fut. dāsyá-māna-, fut. stem dā-syá-, √ da (give); perf. sasr-māná-, perf. stem sasar- √sar (go); iģa-māna- (Vēd.) with stem-termination a affixed to perfect-stem, according to analogy of other tense-forms; perf.-stem here iýa- for iģ- from iyag-, yayag- (§ 6), vyag (offer, worship).

2. Forms with -āna-, e.g. pres. lih-āná-, root and pres.-stem lih- (lick); çáy-ana-, pres.-stem cay-, çē- (çé-tē he lies), √ çi; kinv-āná-, pres.-stem ki-nu-, √ki (gather); yunāná- from *yu-na-āna-, pres.-stem -yuna-, √yu (join); dádāna-, pres.-stem dada-, dad-, √da (give), etc.; perf. dádrç-āna- (Vēd.), perf.-stem dadarç-, √darç (see); çiçriy-äná-, perf.-stem çiçri-, √çri (go); bubhuģ-āná, √bhuģ (bend), etc.

In nom. sing. these sff. are masc. -māna-s-, āna-s; ntr. -māna-m, -āna-m; fem. -mānā, -ānā.

In Greek we find everywhere -μevo-=origl. -mana- (n. sg. masc. -μevo-s, ntr. -μevo-v, fem. -μevn), and this in regular use after

§ 91. pres.-, fut.-, perf.-, and aor.-stems; e.g. pres. pepó-μevo-, pres.stem pepe-, þepo-, origl. bhara-, bharā-, √ þep, origl. bhar (bear); διδό-μενο-, pres.-stem διδο-, νδο, origl. da (give); δεικνύ-μενο-, pres.-stem Sexvó-, √ Six (show), etc.; fut. Swoó-μevo-, fut.-stem δωσο-, ν δο; perf. λελυμένο-, perf.-stem λελυ-, γλυ (loose); λελειμμένο- for *λελειπ-μενο-, perf.-stem λελειπ, γλιπ (leave); simple aor. δό-μενο-, aor.-stem and V δο- ; λιπό-μενο-, aor.-stem λιπε-, λιπο-, λιπ; compound aor. λϋ-ά-μενο, aor.-stem λύσα, Vλv, etc.

The sf. origl. -mana- appears in early Gk. (Hom.) also in the function of a nomen actionis or infinitive in loc. sg. fem. -μεναι (cf. xauai loc. from stem xaua-), shortened to -μev (also in Dôr. and Aiol. in verbal stems after the root-termination and aor. pass.), e.g. pres. ed-μevai, f.f. of stem ad-mana-, root and earlier pres.stem ed-, origl. ad (eat; the pres.-stem in use is éde-, édo-); ἀμυνέμεναι, ἀμυνέμεν, pres.-stem άμυνε- (ward off); φορή-μεναι, f.f. of stem bhāraya-mana-, pres.-stem popn-, popee-, f.f. bhāraya-; fut. ȧğé-μevai, à§é-μev, f.f. of stem agsya-mana-, fut.-stem age-, i.e. *ảyσe-, *ảyoye-, f.f. ag-sya-, √ảy, origl. ag (agere); pf. тelvá-μevai, τεθνά-μεν, pf. stem τεθνα-, θνα=θαν (die); Fίδ-μεναι with lost reduplication, as Foîda, f.f. (vi) väida, f.f. of particip.-stem thus vivid-mana-, √ Fid (know); aor. simpl. Sóμevai, aor.-stem and √/do- ; εἰπέ- -μevai, eiπé-μev, aor.-stem eiπe-, f.f. vavaka-, √Ƒeπ, origl. val (speak); ἐλθέμεναι, ἐλθέμεν, aor.-stem ἐλθε- (ἦλθον, ἤλυθο-ν), νἐλυθ (come); aor.-pass. μιχθήμεναι, μιγή-μεναι, φανή-μεναι, pavý-μeval, etc. Cf. also § 93, a.

Note.-The (Ved.) forms adduced by Benfey (Or. u. Occ., i. 606; ii. 97. 132) in Sk., such as dá-man-e, cf. Só-μevai, vid-mán-ē, cf. Fid-μevai, as also the Zend çtao-main-ē (√çtu praise), are indeed datives of a neut. subst. stem Sk. dá-man- (gift), vid-mán-, Zend çtao-man- (praise); notwithstanding which we believe that we must adhere to our explanation as regards Gk., on account of the parallel participles in -uevo-, and moreover from want of evidence for the dat. sf. a belonging to consonantal stems in Gk. It is possible that the Gk. sf. -pava- stands parallel to the

Aryan sf. -man-, besides the examples adduced-at least the two § 91. which I have met with (dámane and çtaomaine)-do not by any means correspond with the Gk. infin. in function.

Latin. The sf. origl. -mana- is retained only in relics, which yet show that it was once more generally used, and perfectly in accordance with Gk. analogy.

Substantives like alu-mno-, fem. alumna (nursling); uertu-mno(Vertumnus, name of a god), probably from early Lat. *alo-meno-, val (nourish); *uerto-meno-, uert (turn), have lost the e of -meno-=-μevo-=-mana-; the ending is here regularly added to the pres.-stem, just as in Sk. and Gk. The termination is added immediately to the final of the root in ter-mino- (bound), √origl. tar; also fé-mina (woman) belongs here, though there may be some doubt as to the root of the word; further, da-mno- (damnum loss; Ritschl, Rhein. Mus. für Philol. N. F. xvi. pp. 304-308), pres.-stem and √da (da-mus, etc.; the change of meaning is shown by Ritschl in the passage quoted; perhaps also √da (cut) or dha (set, make) and not da (give), may here be fundamental, so that this has no bearing on the explanation of the form given by Ritschl).

The nom. pl. masc. of the sf., thus -mini- from earlier *-menei, *-menei-s (v. post. Declension), has remained as a periphrastic 2 p. pl. of med. pass., with auxil. vb. lost; the i for e (cf. Gk. -μevo-) is probably caused by following ni (§ 38), and here we find Lat. i corresponding to Gk. e, as not unfrequently, e.g. in forms like homin-is, flāmin-is, and Toμév-os. Accordingly Lat. feri-mini corresponds exactly to Gk. pepó-μevoi, f.f. of the stem bhara-mana-, pres.-stem feri-, origl. bhara-, √fer, origl. bhar. This mini is simply added to tense- and mood-stems, also in the latest new-formations, e.g. pres. ind. amă-mini, monē-mini, audi-mini; opt. and conj. feră-mini, moneā-mini, amē-mini, etc. ; ama-ba-mini, ama-re-mini, ama-bi-mini, etc.

The singular of this kind of the middle form, which in an earlier stage of the language probably coexisted with the other