§ 90. =origl. ak-va-; ard-uo- (steep)=Zend eredh-wa-, Sk. úrdh-vá- ; ae-uo- (ntr. lifetime, age)=Sk. é-va- (masc. going), occur many other formations like noc-uo- (hurtful), noc (noc-ĕre hurt); uac-uo- (empty), vuac (cf. uacare be empty); per-spic-uo- (perspicuous), √spec (specere see); de-cid-uo- (falling off), √cad (cadere fall); re-sid-uo- (remaining), sed (sedere sit); ar-uo(ploughed, ar-uo-m ploughed field), √ar (arāre plough); al-uo(fem. belly), val (alere nourish), etc.

Here belong also formations in -iuo-, like noci-uo- (hurtful); uaci-uo- (empty), capti-uo- (captive), etc., which are formed as if there were parallel forms *noci-re, *uaci-re, *capti-re.

The suffix -vant-, forming a past part. act., whose original existence is proved by the correspondence of the Aryan, Greek, and Sclavonic, is probably compounded of -va- and -nt-=-ant(§ 101). With -vant- may be compared the origl. sf. -yant-, which also probably consists of -ya- and -ant- (v. post. 'Comparative'), and sf. -mant- (§ 91), which is similarly formed from -ma- and -ant-, so that we have a scale -ant-, -yant-, -vant-, -mant-, to which -an-, -yan-, -van-, -man-, and -a-, -ya-, -va-, -maare parallel.

The function of this vant- is (like that of -mant-) that of expressing the 'having' the possession of something. The perf. part. and the perf. itself are in many languages expressed by means of possessive elements (e.g. Finnish, Magyar, the Cassia language, etc.), as is indeed the case also in the periphrasis by means of the auxil. verb 'have.' A form vi-vid-vant-, lit. 'having knowing or knowledge,' is not originally different, in point of suffix, from arkta-vant-bear-having.'

The sf. -vant-, which, as forming participles, is a primary sf., occurs also as a secondary suffix, e.g. Sanskrit áçva-vant- (provided with horses; n. sg. masc. áçva-văn, acc. sg. áçva-vant-am, gen. sg. áçva-vat-as, n. pl. masc. -vant-as, etc.), fem. áçva-vati, i.e. -vat-yā (cf. § 15, c), with loss of n, as in similar cases; vásu-vant- (furnished with riches); vīrá-vant- (possessed of

heroes); pád-vant- (having feet), stem pad- (foot). The sf. § 90. -mant- is employed in similar functions, e.g. Sk. agni-mánt(possessed of fire), v. post.

The sf. -vant- has also a special use in Sk., that of giving active force to past part., e.g. krtá-, (√kar, make)='made,' but krtá-vant- 'having made'; bhagná- (broken), √bhag, bhang, but bhagná-vant- 'having broken,' etc.

Greek. The suffix -vant- becomes -FevT- (the digamma being retained; n. sg. masc. -Feis, ntr. -Fev), fem. -Feoσa, i.e. *-Ferya =Sk. -vatī, i.e. -vatyā, e.g. åμπeλó-FEVT- (having vines), äμπeλо(fem. vine); ixovó-Fevτ- (having fish), ix@ú- (masc. fish); μŋtió-FEVT- (having wisdom), μñτɩ- (fem. wisdom); vɩpó-Fevт- (snowy), st. vip- (snow, acc. víp-a), etc. Thus all stems follow here the analogy of stems in o-, origl. a-, which is also the case elsewhere in Gk. (e.g. in gen. dat., dual, v. post.); yet xapí-FEVT(graceful), xápı- (fem. grace), and perhaps some few others.

In Latin -vant- has become -vans-, and passed over to the analogy of a-stems, so that we must here assume a f.f. -vansa-, from which -vonso- and -vōso- must have arisen ; this -vonso- has, however, throughout lost its v (the suffix could scarcely have been -ans-, since the loss of the v does not occur in this function of the suffix, and the existence of the full form of the sf. in the S.W. division of the Indo-European languages is moreover proved by the occurrence of the well-preserved form in Gk. -FEVT-); e.g. fructu-ōso-, lumin-ōso-, *forma-ōso-, whence (§ 37) formonso-, later formōso-.

We must now treat of the employment of the sf. -vant- (-vans-) in forming past part. act.

Indo-European original-language. e.g. vivid-vant-, vid (see, know); dadha-vant-, dha (set), etc. These stems. coincided in the three genders.

Sanskrit. The origl. sf. -vant- appears before the different case-suffixes as -vat-, -vās-, i.e. -vāns- and -us- (v. post. Declension); -vans-, from origl. -vant-, became -vas- by loss of n

The

§ 90. before s, and this was weakened to -us- by loss of a (§ 6); -vãs-, i.e. -vāns-, is a lengthening or step-formation of -vans-. suffix is added to the reduplicated root, to the perf.-stem in its weaker form (v. post. 'Conjugation'), e.g. rurud-vánt-, √rud (weep), fem. rurud-úšī, from *-vantyā,*-vansyā, *-vasyā, *-usyā; tēn-i-vánt- from *tatn-i-vant-, with auxil. vowel i, √tan (stretch); the shortened st.-forms have not this i, e.g. dat. sg. masc. tēnúš-ē; n. sg. fem. tēnúšī, etc.; vid-vánt (knowing, origl. 'having seen'), with loss of reduplication of √vid (see, know), etc.

§ 91.

Greek. The origl. final t of the sf. has been almost always preserved, while the n is lost; in masc. and neut. it is -FóT-=-va (n) t-; in n. sg. -Fós for *-For (§ 69), masc. -Fós for *-FOT-S with compensatory lengthening. The fem. is -vîa, i.e. -usyā (§ 65, 2, c) from -vasyā, and this from -vansyā, f.f. -vantyā. This sf. is added to all perf.-stems ending (1) in case of simple perfects in the final letter of the root, (2) in the case of compound perfects in r; e.g. (1) λελοιπότ-, n. sg. masc. λελοιπώς=λελοιπ-For-s, ntr. λελοιπός = *λελοιπ-For, fem. λελοιπ-υΐα = *λελοιπ-υσμα, √λπ (leave); likewise (2) *λeλʊк-Fот- (n. sg. masc. λeλvíós, etc.), √λv (loosen), etc. After roots ending in vowels perhaps the v of the sf. held its place longer; thus éσra-FÓT- (Hom.) from perf.-stem έota- (ếσta-μev 1 pl.), √σтa (stand); yeya-Fót-, perf.-stem yeya-, √ya, yev (pres. yiyvoμal become), etc. We must leave undecided the question whether the stems yeya-Fάτ-, TεÐ1η-Fάτ-, etc., retain in ∞ a relic of the former n in *-FovT-= -vant-, or whether we should see in it an unorigl. lengthening from -FOT-.

Archaic forms show the root-vowel still un-raised, especially in fem. stems, e.g. Fidvîa (usually eidvîa, st. *Feid-Fot-, from Foîda, f.f. viväida 'I know,' vid, see, know), i.e. *vid-usyā=Sk. vidúši

from *vivid-vant-yā.

Latin shows no such formation.

VII. Stems with suffix -ma-, and sff. whose first element is -ma- (-man-, -ma-na-, -mant-; on secondary sf. -ma- cf. § 107,

where also are treated the sff. ma-ma- and -ma-ta-, which all § 91. of them form superl.); and especially the participle in -ma-, -ma-na-, of passive and middle use.

Participles in -ma-na- appear in the Asiatic and S.-European division of the Indo-European, in the Sclavo-Teutonic -ma- replaces it. Both forms we hold to be original, since it is common enough to find a simple and a compound suffix used alike.

-ma- is a frequent element in stem-formation (in word-formation it indicates 1 pers.). As a secondary suffix we shall find it employed to express the superlative.

Primarily it occurs e.g.

Indo-European. ghar-ma- (warm, heat), √ghar; dhu-ma-, or probably dhau-ma- (smoke), √dhu.

Sanskrit. In tig-má- (adj. sharp, pointed), tig (become sharp); bhi-má- (adj. fearful), √bhi (fear); idh-má- (masc. firewood), vidh (burn); ghar-má- (masc. warmth), √ghar; dhũ-má(masc. smoke), √dhu (move); yug-má- (ntr. pair), √yug (join),

etc.

Kindred to this is sf. -man-, which apparently must be separated into -m-an-, i.e. -m(a)-an-, and is accordingly closely parallel to the participial -ma-na-.

Indo-European. e.g.gnā-man-(name), √gna=gan (know); ak-man- (stone), vak, etc.

Sanskrit. In ģán-man- (ntr. birth), √ģan (gignere); áç-man- (masc. stone), √aç; véç-man- (ntr. house), √viç (enter); ná-man- (ntr. name) for *gnā-man-, √gna=gan (know); úś-man(masc. summer), √uš (burn). With auxil. vowel i, in Vēd. also i (§ 15, f), it appears e.g. in star-i-mán- (masc. bed), star (sternere); dhar-i-mán- (masc. forma), √dhar (hold); ģán-i-man(ntr. birth) beside gán-man-, from which it is distinguished by the i alone. Side by side we find dhár-man- (masc. bearer; ntr. law) and dhár-ma- (masc. right, duty); é-man- (ntr. going) and é-ma- (masc. id.), √i (go), etc.

§ 91.

-mant- is a secondary suffix, e.g. yáva-mant- (possessing barley), yáva- (barley); mádhu-mant- (possessing honey), mádhu(honey); gyótis-mant- (shining), gyótis (light), etc.

-min- also is secondary, e.g. vāg-min- (possessing speech, eloquent) for *vāk-min-, stem vāk- (speech); gō-min- (masc. cattleowner), gō- (cow, bullock) etc.

aç-man-ta- (ntr. furnace) must not be overlooked, from áç-man- (stone); cf. Lat sf. -men-to- and O.H.G. -munda-.

Greek. Sf. -ma-, e.g. in Oep-pó- (adj. hot), Oep-μń (fem. heat), veep (0ép-opaι grow hot), origl. ghar (§ 64, 2, n); pλoy-μó(masc. brand), √/pλey (pλéy-ew burn); кevß-μó- (masc. lair), √кVO (KЄÚ0-w hide); Koμμó- (masc. planctus) for *KOπ-μо- (§ 68, 1, a), √кOTT (KÓπ-TW, KE-KOTT-άs strike); av-e-μo- (masc. wind) with an inserted e (§ 29) from origl. van (blow); xu-μó- (masc. sap), √xv (xéƑ-w pour); Oū-μó- (masc. mind, spirit), √ou (Oú-w fume); yvó-μn (opinion), √yvo (yɩ-yvó-σкw), origl. gan (to know); μνήμη (memory), νμνα (μι-μνή-σκω), origl. man (think); Ti-un (price, honour), √TI (Tí-w (honour); oi-μo- (masc. fem. way, course, stripe), vi (ei-μɩ go), etc.

As secondary sf. also -μo- occurs, e.g. äλ-μo- (strong), ȧλкý (strength); vóσT-μo- (belonging to return), vóσтo- (masc. return); púğı-po- (whither one can flee, avoidable), púğı- (fem. flight), etc.

The sf. origl. -man- appears in Gk. as -μov- and -μev-, e.g. ǎк-μоν- (masc. n. sg. äк-μwv anvil)=Sk. áç-man-, beside ȧк-μý (point, sharpness); ïd-μov- (adj., n. sg. masc. id-μwv, ntr. id-μov, skilful, belonging to later period), √/Fid, origl. vid (see, know); Tλĥ-μOν- (n. sg. Tλn-μwv suffering, wretched), Tλa (endure, cf. τέ-τλα-θι, τλήσομαι); γνώ-μον- (masc., n. sg. γνώ-μων knower), Αγνο (γι-γνώ-σκω), origl. gan (know), cf. γνώμη; μνή-μον(mindful), cf. μvý-μn, √μva, origl. man (think), etc. In the form -μwv- we recognize an unorigl. lengthening of the same sf., cf. кev0-μóv (masc., gen. sg. kevß-μŵv-os lair), √кvė, raised to KEVO (KEÚÐ-W, Ĕ-KV¤-ov hide), cf. кev0-μó-s; On-μáv (masc., gen. sg. On-μŵv-os, heap), √/0e (tí-On-μɩ), etc.