Scott-Waring, Mr. Edward, History of
the Maráthás, quoted, 317 (footnote 1).
Sculpture, Greek and Indian types of,
171; 608, 609.

Scythic invasions and inroads (126
B.C. to 544 A.D.), chap. vii. pp.
174-190. Aryan and Turanian inva-
sions from Central Asia, 174; Scythic
movements towards India, 174, 175;
Kanishka's fourth Buddhist Council
(40 A.D.), 175; pre-Buddhistic Scythic
influences, 175; Buddha a Sakya
(? Scythian), 176, 177; early Tibetan
traditions, 177, 178; Sakya race
customs, 178; Scythic Buddhism in
India, 178, 179; Scythic elements in
the Indian population-the Játs and
Rájputs, 179, 180; Indian struggle
against the Scythians, 180-182; Vik-
ramaditya's achievements, 181; Sen,
Gupta, and Vallabhí dynasties, 182,
183; the pre-Aryan element in ancient
India, 183; ancient pre-Aryan king-
doms, 184-189; the Takshaks of Rawal
Pindi, 184, 185; the Nágás, 185, 186;
the Ghakkars of Ráwal Pindi, 186;
the Bhars of Oudh and the North-
Western Provinces, 187; Koch king-
dom of Northern Bengal, 187, 188;
the Ahams of Assam, 188; Bundelas,
188; Gonds, Ahirs, and Bhils of
Central India, 189; pre-Aryan ab-
original tribes of Lower Bengal and
Southern India, 189; Scythic and
Nágá influences on Hinduism, and on
the religion and domestic life of modern
India, 189, 190.

Sea-borne trade of British India, 559-
581; the great seaports, 559, 560;
early European, Portuguese, Dutch,
and English traders, 560, 561; advance-
ment of English trade, 561, 562;
Indian trade (1878-85), 563, 564;
staples of foreign sea-borne import
and export trade, 561-581.-See also
COMMERCE AND TRADE.

Secret orgies in Siva-worship, 215.
Secretariats of the Government of India,

and of the minor governments, 437, 438.
Secretary of State's India Council in
London, 431.

Sect and national classification of the

population, Appendix X., 703.
Secular literature of the Hindus, 118-128.

See also chap. xiii., 'The Indian
Vernaculars and their Literature,' 325-
355.

Segauli, Treaty of, at the termination of

the Gurkha war (1814-15), 400.
Selections from the Despatches of the
Marquis of Wellesley, by Sidney J.
Owen, quoted, 317 (footnote 1); Selec-
tions from the Despatches of the Duke of

741

Wellington, by Sidney J. Owen, quoted,
317 (footnote 1).

Seleukes, Alexander's successor to his
conquests in Bactria and the Punjab
(312-306 B.C.), 166, 167; cession of the
Punjab to Chandra Gupta, 167; Megas-
thenes' embassy to Chandra Gupta's
court at Pataliputra (the modern
Patná), 167, 168.

Sena dynasty of Suráshtra (70 B.C.-235
A.D.), 182.

Serampur or Fredriksnagar, settlement
of the Danish East India Company
(1616), acquired by the English by
purchase (1845), 372; Baptist Mission
at, founded by Carey, Marshman, and
Ward, 260.

Serfdom in India, 49.
Seringapatam, Capture of, and death of
Tipú Sultán, 396, 397.
Serpent-worship, its influences on Hindu-
ism, 185, 186; serpent ornamentation
in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christi-
anity, 202, 203.

Shah Jahan, fifth Mughal Emperor of
India (1628-58 A.D.), 302-305; chief
events of his reign, 302 (footnote);
loss of Kandahár (1653), 303; Deccan
conquests, 303, 304; Táj Mahal and
other architectural works, 304;
revenues, 304 (footnote 3); deposed
by his rebellious son, Prince Aurang-
zeb, 305; magnificence of his court,
305.

Sháhjí Bhonslá, founder of the Maráthá
power (1634), 317.

Shah Shujá installed by the British as
Amir of Kábul (1839), 407.
Shawls, 112; 603; an Indian jewelled
shawl, 604.

Sheep as beasts of burden in the Himá-
layas, 10.

Sheep and goats, 521; 657.
Sherring, Rev. M. A., Hindu Tribes and
Castes, 193 (footnote 1); 194 (footnotes
2, 3, and 4); 195 (footnote 2); 221
(footnote 4).

Sher Shah, Afghán Emperor of Delhi
(1540-45), killed while storming the
fortress of Kálinjar, 291.

Shore, Sir John, Governor-General of
India (1793-98), 394.

Shrines common to different faiths, 203.
Siam, trans-frontier trade with, 589, 590.
Sikandra, Tomb of Akbar at, 295.
Sikhs, history of the. Nának, the

founder of the religious sect, 223;
410; Ranjit Singh, the founder of the
kingdom, 410, 411; first Sikh war
(1845); battles of Múdkí, Firozshahr,
Aliwal, and Sobráon, 411; second
Sikh war (1848-49); battles of
Chilianwála and Gujrát, 412, 413;

annexation of the Punjab and its
pacification, 413; loyalty of the Sikhs
during the Mutiny of 1857, 419, 420.
Síláditya, Buddhist King of Northern
India (634 A.D.), 156.

Silk and sericulture, 511-515; the Com-
pany's factories, 511-512; area and
out-turn, 512, 513; silk-weaving in
Bengal, Burma, and Assam, 602, 603;
jungle silks (tasar), 513, 514; steam
silk factories, 603.

Silt islands in the Brahmaputra, 14, 15;
in the estuaries and along the sea face
of Bengal, 24, 25.

Silver. See PRECIOUS METALS.
Sindhia, the family name of the ruler
of the Maráthá State of Gwalior in
Central India; rise of the family to
power, 322; wars with the English, 323.
Singha and Sena dynasties of Surashtra
(70 B.C.-235 A.D.), 182.

Siraj-ud-daula, Nawab of Bengal (1756-
57), 380-382; capture of Calcutta by,
the Black Hole, 380, 381; recapture
of Calcutta and the battle of Plassey,
381, 382.

Sirhind canal, 532.

Sittar, a theistic school of Tamil hym-
nologists, 332, 333.

Siva, the Destroyer and Reproducer, the
third person in the Hindu triad, 98;
his twofold aspects, 211, 212.
Sivaji the Great, the consolidator of the
Maráthá power (1627-80), 317-319;
his hill forts and guerilla warfare,
318, 319; coins money and enthrones
himself, 319.

Siva-worship, 210-215; twofold aspects
of Siva and his wife their philo-
sophical and their terrible forms,
211, 212; human sacrifice, 212, 213;
the Charak-pujá or swinging festival,
213; the thirteen Sivaite sects, 213,
214; gradations of Siva-worship, 214;
secret orgies in Siva-worship, 215;
Siva and Vishnu compared, 215.
Siwálik hills, an offshoot of the Himá-
layas, geology of, 632, 633.
Slate, 628.

Slave kings, The (1206-90 A.D.), 278-
280; Kutab-ud-dín, 278; Altamsh, the
greatest of the Slave kings, 279;
the Empress Raziyá, 279; Mughal
inroads and Rájput revolts,
280; Balban, his cruelties and royal
pensioners, 280.

Slavery and serfdom, 49.

279,

Slow progress of Muhammadans in India,

Hindu resistance and internal revolts;
reconquest of India from the Musal-
máns, 269, 270.

Smárta Bráhmans of Southern India, 209,

210.

Smith, Colonel Baird, Calcutta Journal
of Natural History, quoted, 27.
Sobráon, Battle of, 411.

Somnath, Sack of, by Mahmud of
Ghazní (1024 A.D.), 293, 274. The
Somnath proclamation and procession
of the so-called gates by Lord Ellen-
borough, 409.

Son canal and irrigation works, 534, 535.
Spices, Cultivation of, 490, 491.
Sridhar, Maráthí poet of the 16th
century, and compiler of the Marathi
paraphrase of the Sanskrit Puranas,
346.
Srimanta Sadagar, famous Bengali poem
of the 16th century by Makunda Rám,
351.

Stamp revenue, 467.

State railway system, 547, 548.
Statistical Survey of Bengal, completion
of, 443.

St. Bartholomew the Apostle, his preach-
ings and alleged conversion of India
testified to by Pantanus (190 A.D.)
and Hippolytus (220 A.D.), 235.
St. Thomas the Apostle, the traditionary
founder of Christianity in India, 229,
230; the three St. Thomas of India,
and the legends connected with each,
230-232; tradition of the Indian King
Gondaphorus and St. Thomas, 232,
233; Gondaphorus an Indo - Scythic
Punjab monarch, 233; wide meaning
of India in the writings of the Fathers,
233, 234; St. Thomas' work in Persia
and Central Asia instead of in India
proper, 235; localization of the legend
of St. Thomas in North India or
Persia, 237; shrine of St. Thomas at
Madras, 237; mixed worship at St.
Thomas' Mount, Madras; 238; St.
Thomas' relics at Goa, 238; the St.
Thomas' Nestorian Christians, a power-
ful and respected military caste in
Southern India, 241; downfall of
Nestorianism, 241-243.

St. Thomas the Apostle of India, by the
Rev. Dr. Kennet, quoted, 233 (footnote
3); 235 (footnote); 237 (footnote 4);
239 (footnote 1).

St. Xavier, his labours in India, 244, 245.
Steel, Mr. Arthur, Law and Custom of

Hindu Castes, quoted, 195 (footnote 2).
Stephens, Thomas, the first authentic
English traveller in India, and rector
of the Jesuit College at Salsette (1579
A.D.), 363, 364.

Stevenson, David, Canal and River
Engineering, quoted, 23.

Strachey, General Sir R., calculations
on the age of the Bengal delta, 28.
Straits Settlements, India's trade with,
577; 579, 580.

'Strikes' among Indian castes, 198.
Su, a Tartar tribe, their overthrow of
the Greek settlements in Bactria, 175.
Subuktigin, first Túrkí invader of India
(977 A.D.), 272.

Sudhanwan's alleged persecution of the
Buddhists, 191 and footnotes.
Súdras, the servile caste of ancient India,
90, 91.

Suez Canal, Trade with India viâ, 564,
565; 581.

Sufed Koh, range in Afghánistán, an
offshoot of the Himálayas, 3.
Sugar-cane, Cultivation of, 491.

Sugar duties, Abolition of Inland (1836),
562.

Suláimán range of hills, marking a
portion of the western boundary
between British territory and Afghánis-
tán, 3; 6.

Sun-spot cycles, 650, 651.

Sun-worship, Traces of, among the San-
táls, 58.

Surat, English obtain leave to trade at
(1612 A.D.), 366; defeat of the Portu-
guese fleet at Swally, the port of Surat,
by Captain Best (1615 A.D.), 366;
Surat, the chief seat of the Company's
government in Western India till
1684-87, when it was transferred to
Bombay, 370; Surat pillaged by Sivají
(1664), 370; treaty of Surat between
Raghunath Ráo and the British, 391.
Súr Dás, poet of Mathura in the 16th
century, and author of the Súrsagár,
345.

'Survey' land tenure in Bombay, its
simplicity, advantages, and disadvan-
tages, 448, 449.

Sutlej, great river of the Punjab and

chief tributary of the Indus, II.
Sútras or sacred Sanskrit traditions, 89.
Swally, Defeat of the Portuguese fleet at
(1615), 366.

Swedish East India Company, 376.
Synod of Diamper (1599 A.D.), 241.
Syrian Christians in India, their numbers
and antiquity, 230; Syrian Catholics
in Malabar, 243, 244; Syrian rite re-
formed, 245; Syrian and Roman
Catholic Christians at the present day,
257,258.

T

Táj Mahál, The, 112; 304.
Takht-i-Suláimán, mountain in the Sulái-
mán range, 6.

Takkas, a Turanian race, and the earliest
inhabitants of Ráwal Pindi District,
164 (footnote 2); their present descend-
ants, 184.

743

Takshaks, an early Scythian tribe in the
Punjab, 184, 185.

Tál, mountain pass over the Brahui hills
from the Punjab into Baluchistán, 6.
Tálikot, Battle of, and overthrow of the
Vijayanagar kingdom (1565 A.D.), 288.
Tálukdárs or great landlords of Oudh,
451, 452.

Tamil, the oldest and most influential
of the vernacular literatures of Southern
India, 330; first cultivation of Tamil
by the sage Agastya, 330, 331; Jain
cycle of Tamil literature from the 9th
to the 13th century, 331; its great
Pariah poet and poetess (900 A.D.?),
331; the Tamil Rámáyana, 331;
Sivaite and Vishnuite Tamil hym-
nologies, 332; the Sittar or anti-
Brahmanical Tamil poets of the 17th
century, 332; modern Tamil writers,
333; Beschi, the Jesuit priest, 333;
recent statistics of Tamil literature, 333.
Tantrik sect of Siva-worshippers, 214.
Tartar overthrow of Greek conquests in

Bactria, 175.-See also SCYTHIC IN-

VASIONS.

Tasar, or jungle silkworm, 34; 513, 514.
Tassy, Garcin de, Histoire de la Littéra-

ture Hindouie et Hindoustanie, quoted,
343 and footnote I.

Taxation of India under the Mughal
Emperors (1593-1761 A.D.), 299; taxa-
tion under the Mughals and the British,
463, 464; taxation in Native States,
464; incidence of taxation in British
India, 464, 465.-See also FINANCES
and REVENUE SYSTEM.

Taxila, ancient town in Rawal Pindi
District, Punjab, the home of the
Takkas, identified with the ruins of
Deri Shahan, 164 (footnote 2); 184.
Tea cultivation and manufacture, 504-
509; indigenous to Assam, 504; early
experiments and failures, 504, 505;
rapid progress of the industry, 505;
statistics of out - turn, 505-507;
varieties of the plant, 508; the work
of a tea-garden, 508, 509; export of
tea, 575.

Teak forests, 39; 42.

Tegnapatam (Fort St. David), East
India Company's factory established at
(1686-92), 371.

Temperature of various meteorological
stations in India, 647-649.-See also
METEOROLOGY OF INDIA.

Temple's, Sir R., Minute on the balance
of Indian trade, 581-583.
Tenancy (Bengal) Bill, 429.
Tenant-right in Bengal, compensation for
disturbance, 444, 445.

Thagi or professional strangling, Sup-
pression of, by Lord W. Bentinck, 405.

Thall Ghát, mountain pass in the
Western Ghats, 37.

Thána, a Jesuit station (1550 A.D.), its
colony of Christian craftsmen and
cultivators, 247, 248.

Thání ráyats, or stationary husbandmen,
48.

Theistic movements in Vishnuite reli-
gious reforms, 223; theistic hymns,
332, 333.

Thomas the Apostle, Thomas the
Manichæan, and Thomas the Armenian
merchant, conversion of India variously
ascribed to.-See chap. ix., Christi-
anity in India,' 229-238.

Thomas, Mr. E., Paper on the Sáh and
Gupta coins, in the Report of the
Archæological Survey of Western India
for 1874-75, quoted, 147 (footnote);
172 (footnotes 1 and 2); 175 (foot-
note 3); 182 (footnotes I and 4);
Jainism, or the Early Faith of Asoka,
160 (footnote); Revenue Resources
of the Mughal Empire, 271 (footnote);
297 (footnote 2); 299, 301 (foot-
note 1), 304, 305 (footnote); 311
(footnote); Chronicle of the Pathán
Kings of Delhi, 271 (footnote), 280,
281 (footnotes); 283 (footnotes 1 and 2);
284 (footnote); 285 (footnote 3); 287
(footnote 2); 291 (footnote); 298 (foot-
note 2).

Thorne's, Major William, Memoir of
the War in India conducted by General
Lord Lake, 317 (footnote 1).
Tibetan ideas and early traditions of
Buddhism, 176-178.
Tibeto-Burmans, non-.

-Aryan tribes of
the lower Himálayas, their languages,
63; 68.
Tiger, The Indian, 652, 653; man-eating
tigers, 653.

Tile pottery of the Punjab and Sind, 608.
Timber trees, 34; 39; 41.-See also
FOREST DEPARTMENT.

Timur (Tamerlane), Invasion of India
by (1398 A.D.), 285.
Tin in British Burma, 42; 626.
Tipu Sultán, son of Haidar Alí; second
Mysore war (1790-94), 394; third
Mysore war (1799); fall of Seringa-
patam and death of Tipú, 396, 397.
Tístá, river of Bengal, its changes of
course, 30.

Titles of Siva and his wife in their
different Aryan and non-Aryan forms,
211, 212.

Tobacco cultivation and manufacture,
growth of the trade, 42; 499, 500.
Tod, Colonel, Annals and Antiquities of
Rajasthan, quoted, 180 (footnotes I
and 3); 184 (footnote 2); 185 (foot-
notes 1 and 3).

Todar Mall, Akbar's Hindu general and
finance minister, his revenue settle-
ment, 293, 300.

Tolerant spirit of Hinduism, 226, 227.
Topographia Christiana (Paris, 1707),
quoted, 183.

Towns and villages of British India classi-
fied according to population, Appendix
II., 690.

Towns of British India with a popula

tion exceeding 20,000, Appendix VIII.,
696, 697.

Towns, Absence of large, in India, 46.
Trade and commerce.-See COMMERCE
AND TRADE.

Trade, Tabular statement of, with foreign
countries, 579.

Trade-guilds, 197, 198; guild-funds and
charities, trade versus caste interests,
198, 199; caste a 'mutual insurance,'
and substitute for a poor law, 199.
Trade-unions.-See TRADE-Guilds.
Trading castes in Northern and Southern
India, 591, 592.

Tranquebar, settlement of the Danish

East India Company (1616), acquired
by the English by purchase (1845), 372.
Trans-Himalayan trade, 586-590.
Treasure, Import of, proportion of gold
to silver, gold and silver currency, 568,
569.

Treaties, Early Indo-Greek (306 and 256
B.C.), 166; 170.

Tree and Serpent Worship, by Dr. J.
Fergusson, quoted, 204 (footnote 1):
Tribes of the North-Western Provinces,
by Sir Henry Elliot, 195 (footnote 2).
Troubles of the early Indian Church,

Tue-chi overthrow of the Græco-Bactrian
settlement in the Punjab, 175.
Tughlak dynasty, The (1320-1414 A.D.),
283-286; Ghiyas - ud - dín Tughlak
(1320-24), 283; Muhammad Tugh-
lak (1324-51), 283; his cruelties,
forced currency, etc., 283, 284; revolt
of the Provinces, 284; revenue exac-
tions, 284; 'man-hunts,' 284, 285;
Firuz Shah Tughlak (1357-88), 285;
Mahmud Tughlak, 285; Timúr's inva-
sion (1398), 285; ruin of the Tughlak
dynasty (1399-1414), 285, 286.
Tukarám, Maráthá Vishnuite religious
poet of the 17th century, 346.
Tungabhadra irrigation works, 536.
Turanian and Aryan migrations into India
from Central Asia, 174, 175.

Túrkí invasions of India, 272.
Turmeric, Export of, 575.

U

Udhanálá, Battle of, and defeat of Mir
Kásim, 386.

Umá, the Aryan form of the wife of Siva,

211, 212.

Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, by Miss Bird,
quoted, 152 (footnote 3); 202 (foot-
note 1); 224 (footnote 3).
Under-peopled Districts and Provinces,

47.

Unequal pressure of population on the
land, 49.

United States, India's trade with, 578,
579.

Universities, Indian, 475, 476.

Upendra Bhanj, Kájá of Gumsar, a
famous Uriyá poet, 344.

Uráons, an aboriginal tribe of Kols in
Western Bengal and Chutiá Nágpur,
71 (footnote).

Uriya vernacular writers and poets, 343,
344.

Usman's Arab expedition to Thána and

Broach (647 A.D.), 268.
Usurpation of Aurangzeb, and murder of
his brothers, 306, 307.

V

Vaiseshikha, one of the six darsanas
or Brahmanical systems of philosophy,
99.
Vaisya or cultivating caste of ancient
India, 90; 196.

Valabhí, ancient Indian dynasty in
Western India and Sind (480-722
A.D.), their overthrow by Arab
invaders of Sind, 182.
Vallabha-swáini, Vishnuite religious re-
former (1520 A.D.), Krishna-worship,
221, 222.

Válmiki, the reputed composer of the
Rámáyana, 123.

Vararuchi, Prákrit grammarian of the
Ist century B.C., 336, 337.
Vasco da Gama-his three voyages to
India, and death at Cochin, 356-358.
Vedantas, two of the six darsanas, or
Brahmanical systems of philosophy,

745

the king of death, 85; Vedic concep-
tions of immortality, 86; the Rig-
Veda composed during the march of
the Aryans through Upper India, 86,
87; the Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, and
Atharva Veda composed at a later
date than the Rig-Veda, after the
Brahmans had established their priestly
power, 88; the Bráhmans or inspired
guides to the four Vedas, 88, 89.
Vegetables, Cultivation of, 490.
Vellore, Mutiny of (1806), 399.
Velvet work, 603.

Verapoli, Roman Catholic Vicariate, 257.
Vernacular journalism, 480, 481.
Vernaculars (Indian) and their Litera-
ture, chap. xiii. pp. 325-355. - See
INDIAN VERNACULARS AND THEIR
LITERATURE.

Viceroys and Governors General of
India, 384.

Victoria-Gitika, a Sanskrit ode, in cele-
bration of the sovereigns of Eng-
land, III.

Victoria Point, marking the extreme
eastern and southern limits of British
India, at the mouth of the Kra river,
the boundary between Tenasserim and
Siam, 4.

View of Hindu Law, by Mr. Nelson,
C.S., 195 (footnote 2).
Vijayanagar, Hindu kingdom of
Southern India (1185-1565 A.D.);
subjugation by the Muhammadans at
the battle of Talikot, 286; 288.
Vikramaditya, King of Ujjain

(57

B.C.); his war with the Scythian
invaders, 181.

Vincent's, Dean, Commerce and Navi-
gation of the Ancients in the Indian
Ocean, quoted, 164 (footnote 1);
356 (footnote).

Vindhyas, range of mountains, 35, 36;
geology of, 635.

Vishnu, the Preserver, the second person
of the Hindu trinity, 98.-See also
HINDUISM.

Vishnuite symbols in Hinduism, 206.
Vishnu Purána, The, by Dr. H. H.
Wilson, quoted, 216, 217, and foot-

notes.

Vishnu-worship, 215-226; Vishnu and
Siva compared, 215; incarnations of
Vishnu, 215, 216; the Vishnu Purána,
the eighteen Puránas, 216, 217; Bráh-
manical and popular Vishnuism, 217;
Vishnuite religious reformers (1150,
1520 A.D.), 217-222; Vishnuite sects-
223; theistic movements in Vishnuism,
223; Jagannath, 223-225; the truth
about the Car Festival, 224, 225;
bloodless worship of Jagannáth, 225,
226.

3 B