Opium, Excise duty on, 455; cultivation
of, in Bengal and Malwa, 498, 499;
export of, 499; Bengal opium system,
499.
Origin of Christianity in India, its con-
nection with St. Thomas the Apostle,
229.
Orissa, by W. W. Hunter, quoted, 91
(footnote); 173 (footnote 1); 193 (foot-
note 1); 194 (footnote 5); 215 (foot-
note 1); 224 (footnote 4); 225 (foot-
notes 2, 4, and 6); 343 (footnote 2).
Orissa Province, annexe i to the Mughal
Empire by Akbar's Hindu General,
Raja Todar Mall (1574), 294; ceded
to the British (1803) by the Nagpur
Bhonsla on the termination of the
second Maráthá war, 398; the famine
of 1866, 424; 542; settlement of the
land revenue, 445; canal system,
534.
Orme's Military Transactions in Indos-
tan, quoted, 379 (footnote); 380 (foot-
note 2).
Ostend East India Company established
1722; its factories at Covelong on the
Madras coast, and at Bánkipur on the
Húgli, 372-374; political objects of
the Ostend Company, 373, 374; de-
struction of the Bánkipur settlement
by the Muhammadans (1733), 374;
bankruptcy and downfall of the Ostend
Company (1784-93), 374.
Oudh, Sale of Allahábád and Kora to the
Wazir of, by Warren Hastings (1773),
389; the Rohilla war, 390; plunder
of the Oudh Begams, 390, 391.
Oudh, Annexation of, 415; Lord Dal-
housie's justification of the measure,
416; the mutiny in, 421; inquiry into
the status of the peasantry in, 424.
Outram, Sir James, his works among the
Bhils of Khandesh, 72, 73; annexation
of Oudh, 416; relief of Lucknow, 420.
Overcrowded and under-peopled districts,
46, 47.
Owen, Sidney J., Selections from the
Despatches of the Marquis of Wellesley,
quoted, 317 (footnote 1); Selections
from the Indian Despatches of the
Duke of Wellington, quoted, 317 (foot-
note 1).
Pab hills, a southern offshoot of the
North-Western Himalayas, forming a
portion of the boundary between India
and Baluchistán, 7.
Paikasht rayats, or temporary cultivators,
48.
Painting, Indian art of, 113.
Pálegár and Náyak chieftains of Southern
India, 288.
Pálghat Pass, a remarkable break or gap
in the Western Ghats, 37.
Pálítána, sacred temple city of the Jains,
159.
Palm-leaf writings, 102.
Palms, Varieties of, 491.
Pán lavas, the five brethren of the Mahá-
bharata; their quarrel and struggle with
the Kauravas, 119-121.
Pandya, ancient Hindu dynasty in
Southern India, 286.
Pánini, the compiler of the Sanskrit
grammar (350 B.C.), 100: 336.
Panipat, celebrated battlefield in Northern
India; defeat of Ibrahim Lodi by
Bábar (1526 A.D.), 290; defeat of
Afgháns by Akbar and restoration of
Humáyún to the throne (1556 A.D.),
291; overthrow of the Maráthás by the
Afgháns under Ahmad Shah Durání
(1761 A.D.), 315; 321.
Panna, Diamond mines of, 629.
Pantænus, the Alexandrian stoic, his
evidence as to Christianity in India at
the end of the 2nd century A.D., 235.
Paper-making, 617.
Parameswara, the one First Cause, or
Supreme Deity of Hinduism, 227.
Párásnáth, hill in Bengal, held sacred by
the Jains, 35; 159.
Parasurama, the sixth incarnation of
Vishnu, his legendary war of extermina-
tion with the Kshattriyas, 94.
Parochial organization of Portuguese
India, 247.
Partition of the Gangetic Valley by Clive
(1765), 387.
Passes of the Himalayas, the Khaibar,
Kuram, Gwalari, Tál, and Bolán
passes, 29; of the Western Ghats, the
Bhor, Thal, and Pálghat passes, 36, 37.
Patala, town founded by Alexander the
Great, and identified with the modern
city of Haidarábád, the historic capital
of Sind, 166.
Pathan Kings of Delhi, by Mr. E.
Thomas, quoted, 271 (footnote); 279,
280. 281 (footnotes); 283 (footnotes I
and 2); 284 (footnote 1); 285 (foot-
note 3); 287 (footnote 2); 291 (foot-
note).
Patná, East India Company's Agency
at (1620), 367; massacre of, 386;
trade of, 595, 596.
Pegu, Annexation of, as the result of the
second Burmese war, 413, 414
Peninsular India, Geology of, 634-639.
Permanent Settlement, The, of Lord
Cornwallis and Sir John Shore, 393,
394.
Peshwás, the rise and progress of their
power (1718-1818), 320-324; annexa-
tion of the Peshwá's dominions, 402.
Petroleum or mineral oil, 42; mines and
oil-refining Companies in Burma, 626,
627.
Petty kingdoms of ancient India in the
time of Megasthenes, 170.
Phallic emblems in Hinduism, 204, 205.
Philosophical and terrible aspects of Siva-
worship, 210, 211.
Philosophy of the Brahmans, its six
darsanas or schools, 98, 99.
Physical aspects of India, chap. i. pp.
1-42. General outline, I; origin of
the name of India, 1-3; boundaries,
3, 4; the three regions of India, 4.
First region, the Himálayas, 1-10; the
Himálayan wall and trough, 4-6;
Himalayan passes, 6; offshoots of the
Himalayas, 6; the gateways of India,
6, 7; Himálayan water-supply and
rainfall, 7; scenery, 7, 8; vegetation
and forests, 7; cultivation, 7, 8; irri-
gation and mill power, 9; saleable
produce, 9, 10; fauna of the Himá-
layas, 10. Second region, the northern
river plains, 10-34. The three river
systems of India, 10, 11-(1) the
Indus and Sutlej, II, 12; lower
course of the Indus, 12, 13; (2) the
Tsan-pu or Brahmaputra, 13-16; the
Kailas watershed, 13; the Brahma-
putra tributaries in Assam, 13, 14; the
Brahmaputra in Bengal, 14, 15;
Brahmaputra silt deposits and islands,
14, 15; changes in Brahmaputra
Course, 15; the Brahmaputra as a
high-road, 15, 16; (3) the Gangetic
river system, 16-29; the growth of the
Ganges and its discharge at different
points, 17; its great tributary the
Jumna, 17; sanctity of the Ganges,
its places of pilgrimage, 17, 18; the
Ganges as water carrier, fertilizer,
and great water highway of Bengal,
19-20; traffic on the Ganges, 20;
great Gangetic cities, 20, 21; first
and second stages in the life of a
great Indian river as a silt collector,
21, 22; loss of carrying power in
second stage, 22; third stage as a
land-maker, 21, 22; the delta of Bengal,
and of Gangetic deltaic distributaries,
23; character of a deltaic river, 23, 24;
section of a deltaic channel of the
Ganges, 23; junction of the Ganges, the
Brahmaputra, and the Meghná—their
combined delta, 24; last scene in the
life of an Indian river, land-making
in the estuary, 24, 25; Bengal, the
'gift of the Ganges, in the same
sense as Egypt the gift of the Nile,'
VOL. VI.
25; size of the Bengal delta, 25; succes-
sive depressions of the delta, 26, 27;
its subterranean structure, 26 (foot-
note); amount of silt brought down by
the Ganges at Gházipur, 27; estimated
silt of united river at the delta, 28;
time required to construct the Bengal
delta, 28; river irrigation by means of
canals, 28, 29; the rivers as highways
of trade, 29; saline deposits from
canal irrigation, 29; changes of river
beds and deserted river capitals, 30; the
'bore' of the Húgli and Meghná,
30, 31; destruction of river - side
villages, 31, 32; poetry of the Indian
river names, 32; crops of the river
plains of North-Western Bengal and the
delta, 32, 33; scenery of the river plains,
33, 34. Third region, the southern
table-land or the Deccan, 34-42; its
three supporting mountain walls, 35;
the Vindhya mountains and their
ranges, the ancient barrier between
Northern and Southern India, 35, 36;
the Eastern and Western Ghats, 36;
the central triangular plateau, 36; the
Bhor Ghát, 36; the Thal Ghát, 37;
the Palghat pass, 37; rivers of the
inner plateau, 37, 38; historical signi-
ficance of the Eastern and Western
Ghats, 38; rainfall of the Deccan, 38;
the four forest regions of Southern
India, 38-40; scenery of Southern
India, 40; crops, 40, 41 ; minerals, 41;
recapitulation of the three regions of
India, their races and languages, 41;
British Burma, 42.
Pillar and Rock inscriptions of Asoka,
145 (footnote); 146.
Pindari freebooters, Expedition against
the (1817), 401.
Pippli, early seaboard settlement and
port of the East India Company, now
far inland, 368, 369.
Plassey, Battle of (1757), 382.
Police statistics, 472.
Pollock, his march from the Punjab to
Kábul (1842), 409.
Polyandry among the Nairs and Himá-
layan tribes, 55; polyandry of Drau-
padí, the wife of the five Pándava
brethren in the Mahábhárata, 121;
polyandry in the Hindu marriage law,
195; modern survivals of, 195.
Pondicherri, Roman Catholic Mission,
259; ineffectual siege of, by Admiral
Boscawen's fleet and a land force under
Major Lawrence (1748), 379; siege of,
and capitulation to, Sir Eyre Coote
(1760), 380.
Poona, Treaty of (1817), 402.
Popham, Captain, storm of Gwalior for-
tress during the first Maráthá war, 391.
Popular Vishnuism, 217.
Population of India, chap. ii. pp. 43-52.
General survey of the people, 43; the
feudatory chiefs and their powers, 43;
the twelve British Provinces, 44;
Census of 1872 and of 1881, 44, 45;
population tables of British, Feudatory,
and Foreign India, 44, 45; density
of the population, 46; absence of
large towns, 46; overcrowded dis-
tricts, 46, 47; under-peopled tracts,
47; immobility of the Indian peasant,
47; nomadic system of tillage, 47,
48; relation of labour to land in the
last century, and at the present day,
48, 49; serfdom, 49; unequal division
of the people, 49, 50; increase of
population since 1872, 50: ethnical
history of India, 51; fourfold division
of the people, into Aryans, non-Aryans,
mixed Hindus, and Muhammadans, 51,
52; population tables for 1881, 51 (foot-
note), and Appendices I.-X., 689-703.
Portuguese in India, 356-361; Covilham,
357; Vasco da Gama, 357, 358; Cabral,
358; Francisco de Almeida, 359;
Albuquerque, 359, 360; oppressions
of the Portuguese, 359, 360; downfall
of the Portuguese power, 360; Portu-
guese Indian possessions in 1871, 361;
mixed descendants, 361; defeat of the
Portuguese fleet at Swally off Surat
(1615), 366; temporary expulsion of
the Portuguese from Bengal, 368, 369;
early Portuguese trade with India, 560.
Porus, Defeat of, by Alexander the Great,
164.
Post-Vedic Gods, Rise of, 97, 98; the
Potato cultivation in the Himálayas, 9.
Pottery manufactures, 608; 628.
Practical faith of the Hindus, its toler-
ance and fairness to Christianity, 226,
227.
Pre-Aryan kingdoms in Northern India,
184; pre-Aryan civilisation, 328, 329.
Pre- Buddhistic Scythian influences in
India, connection of the Horse Sacrifice
with the Human Sacrifice of pre-Buddh-
istic India, 175, 176; 183, 184; Scythic
and Nága influences on Hinduism, and
on the religions and domestic life of
modern India, 189, 199.
Precious metals in India, imports of
treasure, 562, 568, 569; gold-mining,
624, 625.
Precious stones, 9; 606; 628, 629; 639.
Predatory hill races; their conversion
from marauding tribes into peaceful
cultivators and good soldiers, 71-73.
Presbyterian Missions, 261.
Primary education, 477, 478.
Primitive Aryan burial, 85-87.
Prince of Wales' visit to India (1875-76),
426.
Prinsep, Henry T., Narrative of Political
and Military Transactions of British
India under the Marquis of Hastings,
quoted, 317 (footnote).
Proclamation of the Queen as Empress of
India, 426.
Products and agriculture.-See AGRICUL
TURE AND PRODUCTS.
Protestant Missions in India, 259-269;
first translation of the Bible into the
vernacular, 260; Schwartz, Kiernander,
Marshman, Carey, and Ward, 260, 261;
opposition of the Company to Christian
missionaries, 260; withdrawal of the
Company's opposition, 260, 261;
Bishopric of Calcutta, 261; statistics of
Protestant Missions, 261-264.
Provincial Administration, Regulation'
and Non-Regulation' territory, Dis-
trict officers and their duties, 434-437-
Prussian and Embden East India Com-
panies (1750 and 1753), Dutch and
English jealousy of, and their down-
fall, 374-376.
Public Works expenditure, 469, 470.-
See also MEANS OF COMMUNICATION,
RAILWAY SYSTEM, ROADS, CANALS,
etc.
Puliars, a wild aboriginal tribe in the
Anamalai Hills, Madras, 55-
Pulses, Cultivation of, 489.
Puránas, The, their place in Indian
literature, 216, 217.
Race origin of caste modified by 'occu
pation and locality,' 192, 193.
Raigarh, enthronement of Sivají as an
independent monarch at, in the Deccan
(1674), 319.
Railway system of India, inaugurated
by Lord Dalhousie, 545; extended by
Lord Mayo, 545, 546; the eight
guaranteed trunk lines, 546, 547; State
and 'Assisted' railways, 547, 548:
railways in Native States, 548, 549;
statistics of traffic and capital invested,
549, 550.
Rainfall, Himálayan, 7; Western Ghats,
38; statistics of rainfall for 435 Indian
stations, 649, 650.
Rájputána literature and sacred poetry,
344.
Rajputs, their reputed Scythian origin,
180; number of Rájput castes in modern
India, 194; distribution of Rajputs in
the 12th century A.D., 276, 277;
Rájput revolts against the Slave kings,
280; against the Khilji dynasty, 282;
against the Tughlak dynasty, 284;
conciliation of Rajputs by Akbar, 293;
revolt against Jahangir, 301; against
Aurangzeb, 309, 310.
Ráma, the hero of the Sanskrit epic
Rámáyana, 123, 124.
Rámánand, Vishnuite religious reformer
(1300-1400 A.D.); his low-caste dis-
ciples, 218.
Ramanuja, Vishnuite religious reformer
(1150 A.D.), 217.
Rámáyana, the Sanskrit epic relating to
the Aryan advance into Southern India,
121, 122; the story of Rámá, his exile
together with his wife Sitá; the war
with the aboriginal king of Ceylon, and
triumphant return, 123, 124.
Rám Mohan Rái, theistic religious re-
former and prose religious writer, 353.
Rám Prasád Sen, court poet of Nadiyá
in the 18th century, 352.
Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh
kingdom, 410, 411.
Ráyatwári settlement of the land in
Madras, 445, 446; growth of the
Madras cultivator into a proprietor,
447; extension of tillage, 447; reduc-
tion of average land-tax, 448.
Raynal, Abbé, History of the Settlements
and Trade of the Europeans in the East
and West Indies, quoted, 374 (footnote).
Raziya, Empress of Delhi (1236-39), the
only lady who ever occupied that
throne, 279.
Reconquest of India from the Muham-
madans by the Hindus (1707-61 A.D.),
Reform of Hindu customs by Akbar, 293.
'Regulation' and 'Non - Regulation'
Provinces, 435-
Religion of the Hindus, by Dr. H. H.
Wilson, quoted, 201 (footnote 2); 205
(footnote 1); 206 (footnote 2); 208
(footnote 2); 210 (footnote 2); 213
(footnote 1); 221 (footnote 2); 223
(footnotes 3 and 4); 225 (footnote 5).
Religions of India, by Dr. Barth, quoted,
161 (footnote 2).
Religious classification of the population
of British India, Appendix V., 693.
Rennel, Major, map of Bengal in 1765, 15.
Rent Commission of Bengal (1879), and
its reforms in the extension of tenant-
right and compensation for disturbance,
444, 445.
Report on the Miscellaneous Old Records
in the India Office, by Sir George Bird-
wood, 358 (footnote 2); 360 (footnote
1); 364 (footnotes I and 2); 368
(footnote); 370 (footnote).
Reptiles, 660; poisonous serpents, and
deaths from snake-bite, 660.
Revenue Resources of the Mughal Empire,
by Mr. E. Thomas, quoted, 271 (foot-
note); 297 (footnote 2); 299; 301
(footnote 1); 304, 305 (footnote); 311
(footnotes).
Revenue system of British India, the
land-tax, 438-441, 452; salt-duty, 453,
454; excise and opium, 453-455; muni-
cipal revenues, 455-457; revenue and
expenditure of British India, 455-470.
Revenue of the Mughal Empire under
Akbar, 297; growth of the Mughal
revenues (1593-1761 A.D.), 269.
Revue de l'Histoire des Religions, by Dr.
Barth, quoted, 161 (footnote 2).
Rhinoceros, The Indian, 656.
Rice cultivation in Bengal, 32, 33; in
other Provinces of India, its numerous
varieties, 485; out-turn, 485, 486;
export of, 572; export duty on, 573.
'Right-hand and left-hand' castes of
Madras, 196, 197.
Rig-Veda, the earliest Sanskrit hymnal,
77, 88; its antiquity, 77, 78; caste and
widow-burning unknown, 78; the story
of the Aryan advance into India, 79;
Aryan civilisation in the Veda, 79; the
gods of the Veda, 79-81; Vedic con-
ceptions of the Deity, the modern blood-
loving gods unknown, 82; Vedic
hymns and prayers, 84-86; primitive
Aryan form of burial, 84; cremation
substituted for burial, 84, 85; Vedic
legend of Yama, the king of death,
85; the Vedic farewell to the dead,
85, 86.
Ripon, Marquis of (Viceroy of India,
1880-84); conclusion of the Afghán
war, amendment of criminal procedure,
revenue reforms, Education Commis-
sion, abolition of customs duties, Ben-
gal Tenancy Bill, 427-429.
Rise of the Maráthá power, 307, 308.
-See also chap. xii., The Maráthá
Power, 317-324.
River communications, 15, 16; 19, 20;
551-553.
River plains of India, 10-34; the great
rivers, Ganges, Jumna, Indus (with
Sutlej), and Brahmaputra, 11-20; the
different stages in the life of an Indian
river, 21-23; the Bengal delta and
process of land-making, 23-28; rivers
as irrigators and highways, 28, 29;
destructive floods, 29-32; poetry of
Indian river names, 32; crops and
scenery of the river plains and the
Bengal delta, 32-34.
River systems of Northern India, 10, 11;
of Southern India, 37, 38.
River traffic on the Ganges and Gangetic
channels, and of the port of Calcutta,
Roads, old military routes, the Grand
Trunk Road,' inland route from Bom-
bay, extension of minor roads, 550, 551.
Roberts, Sir Frederick, his march from
Kábul to Kandahár and defeat of
Ayub Khán, 427.
Rock Edicts of Asoka, 144, 145 (foot-
note); 146 and footnote.
Rockhill, Mr. W. Woodville, Life of the
Buddha, and the early History of his
Order, derived from Tibetan works,
and translated by, quoted, 137 (foot-
note 2); 138 (footnote 2); 154 (foot-
note 2); 160 (footnote 2); 176 (foot-
note 1); 177 (footnotes).
Roe, Sir Thomas, first British Ambassador
to India, in the reign of Jahangir
(1615 A.D), 301; 367.
Rohilkhand and Bijnaur canal, 533.
Rohilla war, 390.
Roman Catholics, Distribution of, in
India, 257; the Verapoli vicariate, 257;
Roman and Syrian Catholic population
of India, 257-259; Catholic progress,
colleges and schools, 257-259. -See
also CATHOLIC MISSIONS.
Roman trade with India (190 A. D.), 234.
Rose, Sir Hugh (Lord Strathnairn),
campaign in Central India, 421, 422.
Rotation of crops, 483.
Roth, Professor, Indische Medicin,
Karaka,' published in the Zeitschrift
der Deutschen Morgenländischen
Gesellschaft for 1872, quoted, 110
(footnote).
Rural population, 46; proportion of town
to rural population, 46; number and
population of villages and towns,
Appendix II., 690.
Sacred Books of the East, by Professor
Max Müller, quoted, 161 (footnotes 4,
5, 6, 7, and 8).
Safed Koh, mountain range forming a
portion of the western boundary be-
tween British India and Afghánistán,
3; 6.
Safflower, Export of, 574.
Ságar Island at the mouth of the Ganges,
a celebrated place of pilgrimage, 17, 18.
Sahu, son and nominal successor of Sam-
bhají, 319, 320.
Saidapet, Government model farm at, in
Madras, recently closed, 516; agri-
cultural school at, 516.
Saka or Scythian era (78 A. D.), 181.
Sakhi Sarwar, place of pilgrimage in the
Punjab, sacred both to Hindus and
Muhammadans, 203, 204.
Sakta or Tantrik sect of Siva-worshippers,
Sakuntala, famous Sanskrit drama, 126.
Sakya race customs, 178.
Salbái, Treaty of, 323; 392.
Salím, Prince, Akbar's favourite son and
successor as the Emperor Jahangir,
300-302.
Saline deposits from canal irrigation, 29.
Saliváhaná, King of Southern India, his
wars with the Scythians, 181.
Salt administration, 452; sources of
supply and systems of manufacture,
453, 454; the Madras monopoly, 453;
equalization of duty, 453, 454; yield
of salt duty, 468; the Rájputána salt
lakes, and Punjab salt mines, 622, 623.
Saltpetre, Manufacture of, 623, 624.
Salt range, Geology of, 633.
Sáma-Veda, The, 88.
Sambalpur, Diamonds of, 628.
Sambhaji, son and successor of Sivaji,
put to death by Aurangzeb, 319.
Samvat and Saka eras (57 and 78 A D.), 181.
Sanctity of the Ganges, 17, 18.
Sandwip island, Slavery in, 49.
Sankara Acharya, a Sivaite religious re-
former (9th century A.D.), 209, 210.
Sánkhya, one of the six darsanas or
Brahmanical schools of philosophy, 99.
Sanskrit Grammar, by Professor Whitney,
334 (footnote 1).
Sanskrit grammar and literature, 100-104;
334-336; Pánini's grammar, 100, 101;
Sanskrit and Prakrit speech, 101;
Sanskrit manuscripts, 101, 102; the
Indian Alphabet, 102, 103; Sanskrit
writings almost entirely verse, 103;
prose a forgotten art, 103, 104; Sans-
krit dictionaries, 104; evidence as to
whether Sanskrit was ever a spoken
vernacular, 334-336.
Sanskrit Texts, by Dr. John Muir, quoted,
81 (footnote 2); 84 (footnote 3); 94
(footnote); 212 (footnote 4); 334
(footnotes 2 and 3).
Santáls, an aboriginal tribe of Bengal,
57; their village government, 57;
social ceremonies, 58; religion, 58, 59;
the Santáls under British rule, 59;
Santál rising (1855), 59, 60.
Satára, Native State, lapsed to the British
for want of heirs (1849), 415.
Satí, or widow-burning, unknown in the
Rig-Veda, 78; abolition of the rite by
Lord W. Bentinck, 405.
Satnámís, a reformed Vishnuite sect in
the Central Provinces, 223.
Sátpura, range of mountains in Bombay
and Central India, 35.
Sayyid dynasty, The (1414-50 A.D.), 286.
Scarcities.-See FAMINES.
Schools.-See EDUCATION.
Schwartz, Protestant missionary in Tan-
jore, 260.
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