Companies, 374-376; Swedish Com-
pany (1731 A.D.), 376; causes of fail-
ure of foreign European Companies,
and of English success in India, 376,
377; European traders in India in
1872 and 1881, 377.

Everest, Mount, peak of the Himalayas,
and highest measured mountain in the
world, 5.

Everest, Rev. Mr., calculations regard-
ing silt discharge of Ganges, 27.
Exchange, Loss by, 469.

Excise administration, distilleries, rice-
beer, opium, gánjá, charas, 454, 455;
467; expenditure and income of British
India, 465-470.

Excommunication from caste privileges,
199, 200.

Executive Council of the Governor-
General, 432.

Export trade of India, its origin and
growth, analysis and principal staples
of, 567; 569-580; distribution of ex-
ports to different countries, 569, 580;
coasting trade, 584-586.

External sources of the ancient history
of India, 163.

F

Fa-Hian, Chinese Buddhist pilgrim of
the 5th century A.D., 155.
Famine relief expenditure, 469.
Famines, 539-544; causes of scarcity
and of real famine, 539; means of
husbanding the water-supply, 540;
irrigation area, 540, 541; summary of
Indian famines, 541, 542; the great
famine of 1876-78, its causes, 542,
543; famine expenditure, 543; mor-
tality from disease and starvation, 543,
544; famine a weak check on popula-
tion, 544.

Faulmann, Buch der Schrift, quoted,
103 (footnote).

Fauna of India, 10.-See also ZOOLOGY,
652-662.

Female education, 478, 479.
Feræ Nature of India.-See ZOOLOGY
AND BOTANY.

Ferdousi, Persian poet and historian in

the days of Mahmud of Ghazní, 275.
Fergusson, Mr. James, Paper in the
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for
April 1880, quoted, 147 (footnote);
Tree and Serpent Worship, quoted,
185 (footnote 4); 204 (footnote 1);
History of Architecture, 304 (footnotes).
Fetish-worship in Hinduism, 205, 206.
Feudatory India, the thirteen groups of
Native States, 43; population, 45.
Filatures.-See SILK.

VOL. VI.

721

Final Struggles of the French in India,
by Colonel Malleson, 379 (footnote).
Finances and taxation of India, obscuri-
ties and changes in system of account,
457-465; taxation of British India,
459-461; taxation under the Mughals
and under the British, 462, 463; taxa-
tion in Native States, 464; inci-
dence of taxation in British India, 464,
465.
Firishta's

Rise of the Muhammadan
Power in India, Colonel Briggs' trans-
lation, quoted, 271 (footnote); 287
(footnote 2); 291 (footnotes).
Firozshahr, Battle of, 411.
First Buddhist Council (543 B.C.), 143.
Firuz Tughlak, the third king of the
Tughlak dynasty (1351-88 A.D.), his
great canals and public works, 285.
Fishes, 661, 662.

Fitch, Newberry, and Leedes, the first
English traders in India (1583 A.D.),
364.

Flint weapons of ancient India, 53.
Flora of India, 662-664.

Food-grains, Export of, 571-573.
Forde, Colonel, recapture of Masulipatam
from the French (1759), 385.

Foreign trade of India, its gradual
growth, 561-581; returns of foreign
trade (1840-84), 562-564; staples of
import and export sea-borne trade
(1882-83), 565-581.

Forest Department, Growth of, and its
administration, 522-528; Forest Con-
servancy statistics, 526, 527; 'open'
and 'reserved' forests, 526.

Forests of the Himalayas, 8; in Southern
and South-Western India, 38-40; in
Sind and Punjab, 524, 525; North-
Western Provinces, 525; Sundarbans,
525; Assam and Burma, 525, 526.—See
also FOREST DEPARTMENT, ut supra.
Fortified weaving settlements of the East
India Company, 599.

Fourth Buddhist Council (40 A.D.), 147.
Fo-wei-kian-king, Chinese translation

from the Sanskrit of the 'dying instruc-
tions of Buddha,' 141 and footnote.
Fox, The Indian, 654.

France, India's foreign trade with, 578,

attempts to reach India by way of the
North-West passage, 363.
Frontier trade of India, 585-590.
Fruits, Varieties of, 490.

Funeral mounds and ceremonies of the
Sakyas and Buddhists in ancient India,
178.

G

Gáekwár, family name of the chief of
the Maráthá State of Baroda, rise of
the family, deposition of the late
Gáekwár, 322, 323; 426.
Game birds of India, 659, 660.
Gandamak, Treaty of, 426.
Ganges, The, 11; 16-32; its river sys-
tem and course, 16, 17; discharge, 17;
sanctity, 17, 18; the fertilizer and
highway of Bengal, 19, 20; traffic, 20,
21; great cities, 20, 21; different
stages in the life of the Ganges or any
great Indian river, 21-25; as a silt
collector, 21, 22; as a land-maker,
22, 23; section of a deltaic channel
of the Ganges, 23; combined delta of
the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, and the
Meghná, 24, 25; subterranean struc-
ture of the Gangetic delta, 26 and
footnote; silt brought down by Ganges
at Gházipur, 27 and footnote; esti-
mated silt of united river system, 28;
age of the Bengal delta, 28; river
irrigation, 28; the Ganges and Jumna
Canals, 28, 29; Ganges floods, 29;
saline deposits, 29; changes of Ganges
channel, 30; deserted river capitals,
30; the 'bore' of the Ganges and
Meghná, 30, 31; the Goalánda rail-
way station washed away by the
Ganges, 31, 32; fluvial changes, allu-
vion and diluvion, 30-32; navigation
on the Ganges, 552.
Ganges Canals, 28, 29; 532, 533.
Gangetic historical and commercial cities,
20; deserted cities, 30.
Gánjá, Excise duty on, 455.

Gaulis, an ancient ruling race in the
Central Provinces, now a crushed tribe,
71.

Gautama Buddha, the founder of the
Buddhist religion, his life and doctrine.
-See BUDDHISM.

-

Geography of India. - See PHYSICAL
ASPECTS.

Geology of India, chap. xxii. pp. 631-
640. Geology of the Himalayas, 631;
the central gneissic axis, 631, 632;
lower Himálayas, 633; the sub-Himá-
layas and Siváliks, 632, 633; the Salt
Range, 633; Indo-Gangetic plain, its
age, history, and geological deposits,

633, 634; peninsular India, 634-639;
the Vindhya system, 635; Gondwana
series, 635, 636; Pánchet and Tálcher
group, 636; Dámodar series and coal-
fields, 636-638; Deccan trap and
laterite, 638, 639; precious stones,
639; geological structure of Burma,
639, 640.

Ghakkars, a tribe in Ráwal Pindi Dis-
trict, their invasions of India, and their
present descendants, 185.

Ghats, Eastern, mountain range along
the Eastern coast of India, 36; 38;
forests of, 39.

Ghats, Western, mountain range along
the Western coast of India, 36; the
Bhor Ghát pass, 36; Thal Ghat pass,
37: Pálghat pass, 37; rivers of the
Western Ghats, 37, 38; rainfall, 38;
forests, 39.

Gheriah, defeat of Mir Kásim at, by
Major Adams, 386.

Ghiyás-ud-din Tughlak, founder of the
Tughlak dynasty (1320-1324 A.D.),
283.

Ghor, Dynasty of (1152-1206 A.D.),
Muhammad of Ghor's invasions, his
first defeats and ultimate conquest of
Northern India and Bengal, 275-
278.

Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire, quoted, 230 (footnote 1); 239
(footnote 2).

Gingi, Surrender of, by the French to
Sir Eyre Coote, 380.

Gipsy clans, 71.

Girls' schools, 478, 479.

Gita Govinda, The, or 'Divine Herds-

man,' the song of Krishna, 128.

Goa, Supposed relics of St. Thomas at,
238; John de Albuquerque, first bishop
of (1539-53 A.D.), 244; establish-
ment of Archbishopric of, 245; Arch-
bishop Menezes (1596-99), 245:
jurisdiction of the Goa Archbishopric,
255, 256; capture of Goa by Albu-
querque (1510 A. D.), 359.

Goalánda railway station washed away by
the Ganges, 31.

Godávari river, 37; irrigation works,
improvement of navigation on, 551,
552.
Goddard, General, his march across
India during the first Maráthá war,
391.

Golconda, Diamonds of, 41; 628.
Golconda, Muhammadan kingdom of
Southern India (1512-1688 A.D.), 288.
Gold and gold-mining in Southern India,
624, 625.

Gold and silver, imports of, 562, 568,
569.

Goldsmith caste in Madras, 196.

Viceroys of India (1757-1885 A.D.),
384.

Grammar of the Sindhi Language by
Dr. E. Trumpp, quoted, 335.
'Grand Army, The, of Aurangzeb, and
its twenty years' campaign in the
Deccan, 308, 309.

'Grand Trunk Road' of India, The,
550.

Grant Duff's History of the Maráthás,
quoted, chap. xii. pp. 317-324, foot-
notes passim.

Greek influence on Indian art and archi-
tecture, 112; 170, 171.

Greeks in India, The (327 to 161 B.C.),
chap. vi. pp. 163-173. Early Greek
writers, 163; Megasthenes, the Greek
Ambassador to the Court of Chandra
Gupta, 163, 164; Alexander the
Great's expedition to India, 163-166;
his defeat of Porus, 164, 165; his ad-
vance through the Punjab and Sind, 165,
166; cities founded by Alexander, 164,
165; results of his Indian expedition,
166; Greek military settlements, 166;
cession of the Punjab and Sind to
Chandra Gupta by Seleukos, 167; Me-
gasthenes' embassy to Chandra Gupta's
Court, 163, 164; 167; the India
of Megasthenes, 168-170; ancient
petty Indian kingdoms, 170; Indo-
Greek treaty (256 B.C.), 170; later
Greek invasions of India, 170; Greek
influence on Indian art, 112; 170, 171;
Greek and Hindu types of sculpture,
171; Greeks in Bengal, 172; Greek
survivals in India, 172; the Yavanas,
172, 173.

Growth of trading and industrial cities
under the English, 556, 557.
Guaranteed railways, the eight great lines
of, 546, 547.

Gujrát, Battle of, 413.

Gunny bags, Exports of, 576; 614-616.
Gupta, ancient Indian dynasty in
Northern India (319-470 A.D.); their
struggle with and overthrow by an
invasion of Scythians or White Huns,
182.

Gurkhas, War with the (1814-15), 400;
services during the Mutiny, 421.
Gwalarí, mountain pass over the Brahui
hills from the Punjab into Baluchistán,
6.

H

723

Haas, Dr. E., Ueber die Ursprünge der
Indischen Medizin, mit besonderem
Bezug auf Susruta,' and 'Hippokrates
und die Indische Medizin des Mittel-
alters,' published in the Zeitschrift der
Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesell-
schaft for 1876 and 1877, quoted, 110
(footnote).

Hab river, the westernmost boundary of
India, separating Southern Sind from
Baluchistán, 3; 6, 7.

Haidar Ali, his wars with the British,
392.

Hála mountains, a southerly offshoot of

the Himalayas, marking a portion of
the western boundary of India, 3.
Hand-loom and steam-mill woven cotton,
601.

Hardinge, Lord, Governor-General of
India (1841-48), 410, 411; history
of the Sikh and of the first Sikh war;
battles of Múdki, Firozshahr, Alíwál,
and Sobráon, 410, 411.

Hardy, Mr. Spence, Manual of Buddhism,
quoted, 137 (footnotes).

Harris, General, storming of Seringa-
patam, 397.

Hastings, Marquis of, Governor-General
of India (1814-23), 400-402; war
with Nepál and treaty of Segauli, with
cession of Himálayan tracts (1815),
400; Pindári war, 401; third and last
Maráthá war and annexation of the
Peshwa's dominions (1818), 401, 402.
Hastings, Warren (1772-85), 388-392;
his administrative reforms and policy
towards native powers, 388; first
Governor-General of India (1774),
388; makes Bengal pay, 389; sale of
Allahábád and Kora to the Wazir of
Oudh (1773), 390; the Rohilla war,
plunder of Chait Singh and the Oudh
Begams, 390, 391; Hastings' impeach-
ment and seven years' trial in England,
391; the poor excuse for his measures,
391; first Maráthá war and treaty of
Salbai, 391, 392; first war with
Mysore (1780-84), 392.

Haug, Dr., The Origin of Bráhmanism,
quoted, 212 (footnote 4).
Havelock, Sir Henry, defeat of the
Cawnpur mutineers, first relief of Luck-
now, 420.

Hawkins, Captain, Envoy from James 1.
and the East India Company to the
Court of the Great Mughal (1608 A.D.),
366.

Heber, Bishop of Calcutta (1823-26),
261.

Hekataios, the earliest Greek historian
who refers to India, 163.

High Courts of Justice in India, 433.
Hijili navigable canal in Midnapur
District, 553.

Hill cultivation, 9; 486.

Hill forts (Maráthá) in the Deccan, 318.
Himalaya mountains, The, 4-10; the
double wall and trough, 5, 6; passes
and offshoots, 6; water-supply and
rainfall, 7; scenery, vegetation, irriga-
tion and products, 7-10; animals and
tribes, 10; geology, 631-633; meteor-
ology, 641, 642. See also TRANS-
HIMALAYAN TRADE.

Hindi literature and authors, 345, 346.
Hinduism, Rise of (750 to 1520 A.D.),
chap. viii. pp. 192-228. Disinte-
gration of Buddhism, 191; preaching
of Kumárila, 191; persecution of
Buddhism, 191, 192; caste and reli-
gion the twofold basis of Hinduism,
192; race origin of caste, 192; modi-
fied by occupation' and 'locality,'
192; complexity of caste, 192, 193;
the Brahman caste analyzed, 193, 194;
building of the caste system, 194; Hindu
marriage law, 195; ancient mingling
of castes, 195; occupation' basis of
caste, 196-199; the Vaisyas or ancient
cultivating caste, 196; the right-
hand' and 'left-hand' castes of Madras,
196, 197; the Dattas of Bengal,
197; Sháhas, Telís, and Tambulis
forcing their way to higher castes, 197;
caste, a system of trade-guilds, 197,
198; working of the Indian trade-
guild, its funds, charities, rewards,
and punishments, 198, 199; excom-
munication a penalty for a breach
of caste rules, 199, 200; the reli-
gious basis of Hinduism, its stages of
evolution, and how far influenced by
Buddhism, 200, 201; Beast hospitals,
201; monastic religious life, 201, 202;
analogies of Japanese worship to Hin-
duism and Christianity, 202; serpent
ornamentation in Buddhist, Hindu,
and Christian art, 202, 203; coalition
of Buddhism with earlier religions,
203; shrines common to various faiths,
203, 204; non-Aryan elements in
Hinduism, 204; phallic emblems in
Hinduism, 204, 205; fetish- worship
in Hinduism, 205, 206; the Sálgrám
or village deity, 206; jungle rites,
206, 207; non-Aryan religious rites
merging into Hinduism, 207; Bráh-
man founders of Hinduism, 207; low
caste apostles, 207, 208; medieval
Hindu saints, their miracles, 208;
Kabir's death, 208; Bráhman reli-
gious reformers, 209, 210; growth of
Siva-worship, 210-215; Siva - worship
in its philosophical and terrible aspects,

211; twofold aspects of Siva and of
Durga his queen, and their twofold
sets of names, 211, 212; human sacri-
fices as late as 1866, 212, 213; animals
substituted for human sacrifice, 213;
the Charak pujá or swinging festival,
213; the thirteen Sivaite sects, 213,
214; gradations of Siva-worship, 214,
215; secret orgies of Sivaism, 215;
the right-hand and left-hand
forms of Siva - worship, 214, 215;
Siva and Vishnu compared, 215
Vishnu the Preserver always a friendly
god, 215; his incarnations or avatars,
215 (and footnote); 216; the Vishnu
Puránas, 216, 217; Bráhmanical and
popular Vishnuism, 217; Vishnuite
religious reformers, 217-222; Rámá-
nuja, 217; Rámánand, 218; Kabir,
218, 219; Chaitanya, 219-221;
Vallabhá-Swámí, 221, 222; Krishna-
worship, 222, 223; the twenty chief
Vishnuite sects, 223; theistic move-
ments in Hinduism, 223; the Sikhs,
and Nanak Shah, their spiritual founder,
223; Jagannath, the coalition of
Brahman and Buddhist doctrines
forming the basis of Vishnu-worship,
223, 224; Car festival of Jagannath,
224; bloodless worship of Jagannath,
self-immolation a calumny, 224-226;
gentle doctrines of Jagannáth, 226;
religious nexus of Hinduism, 226;
practical faith of the Hindus, its toler-
ance, 226, 227; the modern Hindu
triad, 227; recapitulation, 228.
Hindu architecture, 112.

Hindu kingdoms of the Deccan, 286.
Hindu population of India, 51.—See also
Appendix V., 693.

Hindu Tribes and Castes, by the Rev.
M. A. Sherring, quoted, 193 (footnote
1); 194 (footnotes 2, 3, and 4); 195
(footnote 2): 221 (footnote 4).
Histoire du Christianisme des Indes, by
La Croze, 232 (footnote 1); 240
(footnote 4); 241 (footnote 1); 242
(footnotes).

Histoire de la Littérature Hindouie et
Hindoustanie, by Garcin de Tassy,
343 and footnote.

History of Architecture, by Mr. J. Fer-
gusson, quoted, 304 (footnotes).
History of British Rule (1757-1885 A.D.),
chap. xv. pp. 378-430. Madras, the
first British territorial possession in
India (1639), 378; Southern India
after the death of Aurangzeb (1707),
378; French and English in the
Karnátik, 378; first French war and
capture of Madras by the French
(1746), 379; second French war (1750-
61), 379; Clive's defence of Arcot

(1751), 379; Sir Eyre Coote's victory of
Wandewash (1760), 379; capitulation
of Pondicherri and Gingi, 380; the
English in Bengal (1634-96), 380;
native rulers of Bengal (1707-56),
Murshid Kuli Khán, Ali Vardi Khán,
and Siráj-ud-daulá, 380, 381; capture
of Calcutta by Siráj-ud-daulá (1756),
381; recapture of Calcutta and
battle of Plassey, 382; Mír Jáfar (1757-
61), 383-385; Zamindári grant of the
Twenty-four Parganás, 383; Clive's
Jágir, 383, 384; Clive, Governor
of Bengal, 384; deposition of Mir
Jáfar and enthronement of Mír Kásim
(1761), 385; Mir Kásim's quarrel
with the English, and massacre of
Patná, 385, 386; first Sepoy Mutiny
(1764), 386; battle of Baxar (1764),
386; Clive's second Governorship
(1765-67), partition of the Gangetic
valley, the Diwání grant of Bengal,
and reorganization of the Company's
service, 386, 387; dual system of ad-
ministration (1767-72), abolished by
Warren Hastings, 387, 388; Warren
Hastings' administration (1772-85),
388-392; his administrative reforms,
and policy with native powers, 388;
Warren Hastings, the first Governor-
General of India (1774), 388; his
financial administration, and sale of
Allahábád and Kora to the Wazir
of Oudh, 389, 390; withholds the
Emperor's tribute, 390; the Rohillá
war (1773-74), 390; plunder of Chait
Singh and of the Oudh Begams, 390;
charges against Hastings and his im-
peachment, 392; the first Maráthá and
Mysore wars, 392, 393; Lord Corn-
wallis' administration (1786-93), his
revenue reforms, the Permanent Settle-
ment of Bengal, and second Mysore
war, 393, 394; Sir John Shore (1793-
98), 394; Lord Wellesley's administra-
tion (1798-1805), 394-399; French
influence in India, 394; state of India
before Lord Wellesley, 395; Lord
Wellesley's scheme for crushing French
influence in India, 395, 396; treaties
of Lucknow and with the Nizám, 396;
third Mysore war and fall of Seringa-
patam, 396, 397; Wellesley's dealings
with the Maráthás, and the second
Maráthá war, 397, 398; British victories
and annexations (1803); British dis-
asters, Colonel Monson's retreat, and
General Lake's repulse before Bhartpur
(1804-05), 398; India on Lord Welles-
ley's departure (1805), 398, 399; Lord
Cornwallis' second administration as
Governor-General (1805), 399; Sir
George Barlow (1805), 399; Earl of

725

Gates

Minto's administration (1807-13), his
embassies to the Punjab, Afghánistán,
and Persia, 399, 400; Marquis of
Hastings' administration (1814-23), the
Nepál war and treaty of Segaulí, the
Pindári campaign, the third and last
Maráthá war, and annexation of the
Peshwa's territories, 400-402; Mr.
Adam, pro tem. Governor - General
(1823), 403; Lord Amherst (1823-28),
Burmese encroachments on India, first
Burmese war and annexation of Assam,
Arakan, and Tenasserim, 403, 404;
capture of Bhartpur, 404; Lord William
Bentinck (1828-35), his financial re-
forms, abolition of Sati, suppression of
Thagi and cruel rites, renewal of Com-
pany's Charter, Mysore taken under
British administration, and Coorg
annexed, 404-406; Sir Charles Metcalfe
(1835-36), the grant of liberty to the
Press, 406; Lord Auckland (1836-
42), our early dealings with Kabul,
and the disastrous Afghán campaign,
and annihilation of our army, 406-408;
Earl of Ellenborough (1842-44), the
Kábul army of retribution, the
of Somnath' travesty, annexation of
Sind, and Gwalior outbreak, 408, 409;
Lord Hardinge (1844-48), the first
Sikh war and annexation of the
Cis-Sutlej tract, 410, 411; Earl of
Dalhousie (1848-56), 411-417; his
administrative reforms and public
works, 412; second Sikh war and
annexation and pacification of the
Punjab, 412, 413; second Burmese
war and annexation of Pegu, 413,
414; Lord Dalhousie's dealings with
the Native States, the doctrine of
'Lapse' in the case of Satára, Jhansi,
and Nagpur States, 414, 415: Berar
handed over by the Nizám of Haidará-
bád, as a territorial guarantee for arrears
of subsidies and for the payment of the
Haidarábád contingent, 415; annexa-
tion of Oudh and Lord Dalhousie's
grounds for the measure, 415-417;
Earl Canning (1856-62), 417-424;
the Sepoy Mutiny and its causes, 417-
419; the outbreak at Meerut and Delhi,
and spread of the Mutiny, 419;
loyalty of the Sikhs, 419, 420; the
siege of Cawnpur and massacre of the
survivors, 420; Lucknow, 420, 421;
siege and capture of Delhi, 421; re-
duction of Oudh by Lord Clyde, and of
Central India by Sir Hugh Rose, 421,
422; India transferred to the Crown,
the Queen's Proclamation and general
amnesty, 423, 424; Lord Canning's
financial and legal reforms, 424; Lord
Elgin (1862-63), his death at Dharm-