poly of eastern trade, 560; early
English factories and advance of Eng-
lish trade, 560, 561; Company's trade
in 1834, 561, 562; abolition of inland
duties (1836-48), 562; growth of
Indian foreign trade (1840-84), 562,
563; Indian trade statistics (1878-85),
563-565; Suez Canal trade, 564;
tabular statistics of import and export
trade (1882-83), 566, 567; Manchester
cotton goods import trade, 565-568;
treasure, import of, and proportion of
gold to silver, 568, 569; raw cotton
export trade, 569, 570; jute exports,
570, 571; rice export trade, 572; rice
export duty, 572, 573; wheat trade
and exports, 573; oil-seeds, 573, 574;
indigo, safflower, myrobalams, turmeric,
and lac, 574, 575; tea and coffee ex-
ports, 575; exports of cotton and jute
manufactures, 575, 576; India's trade
with different countries, 577-580;
growth of Suez Canal trade, 581; Sir
R. Temple's Minute on the balance of
Indian trade, 581-583; coasting trade
and shipping of India, 583-586; frontier
trade, 586; trans-frontier trade with
Afghánistán, Central Asia, Nepál,
Tibet, Burma, and Siam, 586-590;
internal trade of India, 591; trading
castes in Southern and Northern India,
591, 592; local trade of India, village
money-lenders, travelling brokers, re-
ligious fairs, etc., 592, 593; internal
trade the chief safeguard against famine,
593, 594; normal action of internal
trade, 594; Provincial statistics of
internal trade, 594, 595; trade of
Patna town, 595, 596; the village
mart of Dongargaon, 596; rural fair at
Karagola, 596, 597.
Common origin of European and Indian
religions, 76.
Common shrines of various faiths, 203,
204; Muhammadan and Hindu wor-
ship at St. Thomas' shrine in Madras,
238.
Communication, Means of.-See MEANS
OF COMMUNICATION.
Comorin, cape at the southernmost ex-
tremity of India, 3.
Comparative Dictionary of the Bihárí
Language, by Messrs. Hornle and
Grierson, quoted, 336 and footnote;
337 (footnote 1); 341 and footnote;
344 (footnote).
Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian
Language, by Bishop Caldwell, quoted,
66, 67, and footnotes; 173 (footnote 2);
240 (footnote I); 327 (footnotes 2 and
3); 328 (footnote); 330 (footnote 2);
332 (footnote); 340 (footnote 2); 369
(footnote).
Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian
Languages, by Professor Hornle,
quoted, 336 and footnote; 337 (fool-
note 1).
Comparative Grammar of the Modern
Aryan Languages of India, by Mr.
John Beames, quoted, 67 (footnote);
103 (footnote); 335; 337 (footnote 2).
Compensation for disturbance on eviction
in Bengal, 445.
Complexity of the Hindu caste system,
192-194.
Control of India in England under the
Company and under the Crown, the
Secretary of State's Council, 431.
Coote, Sir Eyre, defeat of Lally at Wande-
wash (1761), 379, 380; in the first
Mysore war (1780), 392.
Copper and copper-mining, 42; 607;
625, 626.
Cornwallis, Marquis of (1786 - 1793),
392-394; his revenue reforms and the
Permanent Settlement of Bengal, 393;
second Mysore war, 394; second ad-
ministration of Lord Cornwallis (1805);
and his death after a few weeks in
India, 399.
Corporate holdings of cultivated land in
North Western Provinces and the
Punjab, 451.
Cosmos Indicopleustes' history of the
Christian Church in Ceylon and along
the Malabar seaboard (547 A.D.), 235.
Cosquin, M. Emmanuel, Revue des Ques-
tions Historiques, liv. 56, quoted, 151
(footnote 3); 152 (footnote 2).
Cotton cultivation and manufacture, 491:
the American war, its effects on Indian
cotton-growing, 491, 492; cotton dis-
tricts in India, area under cultivation,
and out-turn, 492, 493; cotton-clean-
ing, 494; imports of Manchester goods,
565, 566; exports of raw cotton, 569,
570; exports of manufactured cotton,
575; decline of cotton-weaving owing
to Manchester competition, but still a
domestic industry in India, 599-601 ;
steam cotton mills in different Pro-
vinces, 611, 612; sound basis of Indian
cotton manufacture, 611-613; exports
of Bombay manufactured cotton to
China and Africa, 613, 614; future
prospect of Indian cotton manufactures,
614.
Cotton import duties, Abolition of, 468.
Covelong (or Coblom), old settlement of
the Ostend East India Company on the
Madras coast, 373.
Covilham, earliest recorded Portuguese
traveller to Cochin (1487 A.D.), 357;
Jesuit missionary in Southern India,
killed in 1500, 244.
Criminal Tribes Act, 71.
Crops of the Himalayas, 8; of the river
plains and Gangetic delta, 32, 33; of
Southern India, 40, 41; of Burma, 42.
-See also chap. xvii., Agriculture and
Products, 484-511.
Crop statistics for India, Uncertainty of,
500, 501.
Csoma de Korös, Life and Works of, by
Dr. Theodore Duka, quoted, 153 (foot-
note 1).
Cultivated, cultivable, and uncultivable
area, etc., of certain Provinces of
British India, Appendix III., 691.
Cultivators, Rights of, reserved by the
Permanent Settlement of Bengal, 442,
443; oppression of, by rack-renting
landlords, 443; the Land Act of 1859,
444; Rent Commission of 1879, and
its proposed reforms in the direction of
fixity of occupation and compensation
for disturbance, 444, 445.
Cunningham, General, Corpus Inscrip
tionum Indicarum, quoted, 103 (foot-
note); 144 (footnote); 145 (footnote);
146 (footnotes); 153 (footnote 2); 167
(footnote 1); Ancient Geography of
India, 155 (footnote); 157 (footnote 1);
164 (footnotes I and 3); 165 (footnote);
166 (footnote 1); 167 (footnote 3);
185 (footnote 2); Reports of the
Archeological Survey of India, 185
(footnote 4).
Cust, Mr. R. N., Linguistic and Oriental
Essays, quoted, 103 (footnote).
Customs, inland lines, abolished by Lord
Mayo, 425; customs import duties
abolished by Lord Ripon, 429.
Customs revenue, 467.
Cutch, Silver jewellery of, 605.
Cutlery manufactures, 606.
Dacca muslins, a decaying manufacture,
601.
Dadu, religious reformer and sacred poet
of Rajputána (16th century), 344.
Dae, Mr. Arcy, The Literature of Bengal,
quoted, 347 (and footnote); 348, 349
(and footnote); 352 (footnote).
Dalhousie, Earl of, Governor-General of
India (1848-56), 412-417; his ad-
ministrative reforms, 412; inaugura-
tion of the Indian railway system and
the Public Works Department, 412;
second Sikh war and annexation of the
Punjab, 412, 413; second Burmese
war and annexation of Pegu, 413,
414; Lord Dalhousie's policy towards
Native States, 414, 415; Lord Dal-
housie's annexation of Oudh, and jus-
tification of the measure, 415-417;
Lord Dalhousie's scheme of trunk
military railways, 545.
Dalton, Colonel E. T., Ethnology of
Bengal, quoted, 67 (footnote).
Damascened steel work, 607.
Damodar coal tract, Geology of, 636-638.
Dandís, a sect of Sivaite religious as-
cetics and mendicants, 213, 214.
Danish East India Companies (1612 and
1670 A.D.), and their settlements, 372.
Danish missionaries, 259, 260.
Dasyus, the Aryan name for the non-
Ayrans, or aborigines, 53.
Davids, Mr. Rhys, Buddhism, quoted,
137 (footnote); Buddhist Birth Stories,
137 (footnote).
Death-rate and average duration of life
in India, 666, 667; death and birth
rates in different Provinces, 667-679.
Debt of India and its growth, 469.
Deccan, The, or Southern India, 34-41;
its mountain ranges and elevated table-
land, 35, 36; mountain passes, 36, 37;
rivers, 37; forests, 38, 40; scenery,
40; crops, 40, 41; minerals, 41;
Maráthá power in the Deccan, 320,
322, 323.
Deccan Agriculturists' Relief Acts, a
rural insolvency law, 449, 450.
Decennial Settlement, The (1789-1791),
393.
Decline and fall of the Mughal Empire
(1707-1857 A.D.), 312-316; chief
events, 312, 313 and footnote; the
six puppet kings, 313; independence
of the Deccan and Oudh, 314; the
Maráthá chauth, 314; invasions of
Nádír Sháh the Persian, and Ahmad
Sháh the Afghán, 314, 315; misery
of the Provinces, 315; third battle of
Pánipat, 315; fall of the Empire, 315,
316.
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
quoted, 230 (footnote 1); 239 (foot-
note 2).
Decline of the Peshwás (1772-1818), 321,
322.
Decorative art in India, 112, 113.
Deer, Varieties of, 657, 658.
Delhi, Siege and storm of, 421.
Del Mar's History of Money in Ancient
Countries, quoted, 163.
Delta of Bengal, 23-28; deltaic distribu-
taries, 23; combined delta of the
Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghná,
24; deltaic swamps, 24; land-making,
25; size of the Bengal delta, 26;
deltaic depressions, 26; subterranean
structure of the Bengal delta at Cal-
cutta, 26 (footnote); alluvial deposits
of the Ganges and Brahmaputra, 26,
27; amount of silt deposited at Gházi-
pur and in the delta, 27, 28; age of
the Bengal delta, 28.
Deltaic channel of the Ganges, Section of,
23.
Density of the Indian population, 46;
overcrowded and under-peopled Pro-
vinces, 46, 47; population entirely
rural, 46; immobility of the rural
population, 47; relation of labour to
land, 48, 49; unequal pressure of the
population on the land, 49, 50; in-
crease of population since 1872, 50.
Deserted river-marts and capitals, 30.
Devadatta, the Buddhist schismatic,
140.
Dhangars, a semi-Hinduized tribe of
Bengal and Chutiá Nágpur, their
numbers in 1872, 71 (footnote 1).
Diamonds, 41; 628, 629.
Dictionary of Hindu Mythology, by
Professor Dowson, quoted, 180 (foot-
note 4); 184 (footnote 1).
Dig, Battle of, and defeat of Holkar,
323.
Diminution of population in Madras and
Mysore, 50.
Dina Bandu Mitra, dramatic poet and
author of the Nil Darpan, 354.
Dina Krishna Dás, Uriyá poet of the
Distillation of country spirits, 454.
Distribution of Indian trade with foreign
countries, 565-580.
District officers, Duties of, 436.
Districts, Number of, in India, their
varying size and population, 436, 437.
Diwání, or financial administration of
Bengal, granted to the East India
Company (1765), 387.
Dnyánoba, Marathi poet of the 13th
century, 346.
Doctrines of Buddha, 141, 142; moral
code and missionary aspects of Buddh-
ism, 143.
Dog, Different varieties of, 654.
Dongargaon, mart in the Central Pro-
vinces, 596.
Dowson, Professor, Dictionary of Hindu
Mythology, quoted, 180 (footnote 4);
184 (footnote 1).
Drama, The Indian, 125-127; 354-
Draupadi, the wife of the five Pandava
brethren in the epic of the Mahá-
bhárata, 195.
Dravidians, The, aboriginal races of
Southern India, their languages, 64-
68; place of Dravidian languages
in philology, 327, 328; the Dravidians
in Sanskrit literature, 328; pre-Aryan
Dravidian civilisation, 328; Dravidian
art, 328, 329; Bráhmanical influence
on the Dravidians, 329, 330; develop-
ment of Dravidian speech into ver-
nacular literatures, 330; Tamil, the
oldest and the most influential ver-
nacular of Southern India, 330; Jain
cycle of Tamil literature, earliest
Tamil poets, 331; Tamil hymnology,
332; modern Tamil writers, Beschi,
the Italian Jesuit and Tamil scholar,
333; recent statistics of Tamil litera-
ture, 333.
Droughts. See FAMINES.
Drugs and medicines, 34.
Dual system of administration in Bengal
(1767-72), 387, 388.
Duarte Nunez, first Portuguese bishop in
India (1514-17 A.D.), 244.
Duff, Rev. Alexander, first Presbyterian
missionary to India, 261.
Dufferin, Earl of, Viceroy (1884), 430.
Duka, Dr. Theodore, Life and Works of
Alexander Csoma de Korös, quoted,
153 (footnote 1).
Duncker, Professor Max, Ancient History
of India, quoted, 81 (footnote 2); 84
(footnotes 2 and 4); 115 (footnote); 163
(footnote 4).
Dupleix, French administrator, his ambi-
tion of founding a French Empire in
India, and his struggles in the Karnátik
with Clive, 378, 379.
Duráni rule in Afghánistán (1747-1826),
406, 407.
Duration of life (average) in India, 667.
Durgá, one of the forms of the wife of
Dutch, The, in India (1602-1824 A.D.),
361-363; Dutch East India Com-
panies, 361, 362; supremacy of the, in
the Eastern Seas, brilliant progress, and
decline, 362; Dutch relics in India,
363; English Treaty of Defence'
with the Dutch (1619), 367; massacre
of Amboyna, and expulsion of the
English from the Eastern Archipelago
(1624), 368; Dutch conquests in India,
371, 372; Dutch defeated by Clive at
Chinsurah, 385; Dutch monopoly of
Eastern trade (1600), 560.
Dyes, export of, 574, 575.
Early Greek historians of India, 163,
164.
Early History of Tibet and Khoten, in
Mr. Rockhill's Life of the Buddha,
from the Tibetan classics, 176 and 177
(footnotes).
Early Muhammadan rulers (711-1526
A.D.), chap. X. pp. 268-289.
Early Arab expeditions to Bombay
(636-711 A.D.), 268; Muhammadan
settlement in Sind (711 A.D.), 268;
expulsion of the Muhammadans from
Sind (828 A.D.), 268; India on the
eve of the Muhammadan conquest
(ICOO A.D.), 268, 269; the Hindu
kingdoms and Hindu power of resist-
ance, 269; slow progress of Muham-
madan conquest, 269, 270; Muhamma-
dan conquest only partial and tempo-
rary, 270; recapture of India from
the Muhammadans by the Hindus
(1707-61 A.D.), 270; chronology of
Muhammadan conquerors and dynas-
ties of India (1001-1857 A.D.), 271;
first Túrkí invasions, Subuktigin
(977-997 A.D.), 272; the seventeen
invasions of Mahmud of Ghazní (1001-
24 A.D.), 272-274; the Somnath ex-
pedition, 273, 274; Mahmúd's con-
quest of the Punjab, 274; the Ghor
dynasty (1152-1206 A.D.), 275-278;
Muhammad of Ghor's invasions (1191-
1206 A.D.), 275, 276; his conquest of
Bengal (1203 A.D.), 277, 278; Muham-
mad's work in India and subjugation
of Northern India, 278; Kutab-ud-
dín (1206-10 A.D.), 278; the Slave
dynasty, 278-280; Altamsh (1211-36
A.D.), 279; the Empress Raziya (1236-
39 A.D.), 279; Mughal irruptions and
Rájput revolts (1244-88), 279, 280;
Balban (1265-87 A.D.), his cruelties,
280; his Royal pensioners, 280; end
of the Slave Kings, 280; the house of
Khilji (1290-1320 A.D.), 280-283; Alá-
ud-din's raids into Southern India
(1294), 281; conquest of Northern
India (1295-1303), 281; conquest of
Southern India (1303-15), 281, 282;
Muhammadan power and population
in India (1306), 282; Mughal merce-
naries and Hindu revolts, 281;
Khusru, the renegade Hindu Emperor
(1316-20 A.D.), 282, 283; the house
of Tughlak (1320-1414 A.D.), 283-286;
Muhammad Tughlak (1324-51 A.D.),
his expeditions, cruelties, forced cur-
rency, 283, 284; revolts, 284; Mu-
hammad Tughlak's revenue exactions,
284, 285; Firoz Shah Tughlak (1351-
88 A.D.); his canals, 285; Timúr's
invasion (1398 A.D.), 285; ruin of the
Tughlak dynasty, 285, 286; the Say-
yid, Lodi, and Bahmani dynasties (1450-
1526 A.D.), 286, 287; Muhammadan
States of the Deccan, 288; the Hindu
kingdom of Vijayanagar, 286, 288;
independent Náyaks and Pálegárs of
Southern India, 288; independent
Muhammadan kingdoms of Bengal,
Gujarát, and Jaunpur, 289.
East India Companies, and early Euro-
pean Settlements; Portuguese, 356-361;
Dutch, 361-363; English, 363-371;
other India Companies, 371; French,
372; Danish, Scotch, and Spanish,
372; German or Ostend, 372-374,
376; Prussian, 374-376; Swedish,
376; causes of failure, 376, 377.
East India Company (English), 363-
365; first Charter, 364; amalgamated
Companies, 365; early voyages, 365,
366; defeat of the Portuguese at
Swally, 366; wars with the Dutch, 367,
368; massacre of Amboyna, 368; early
English factories, 368-370; founda-
tion of Calcutta (1686), 371; the
Company embarks on territorial sway
(1689 A.D.), 371; downfall of the
Company, and transfer of India to
the Crown (1858 A.D.), 422.
Eastern branches of the early Aryans,
75.
Eastern Ghats, mountain range along the
Eastern coast of India, 36, 38; forests
of, 39.
Eastern Jumna canal, 29; 532.
Ecclesiastical Department, The Indian,
266, 267.
Education Commission appointed by Lord
Ripon, 429; its recommendations, 429;
474.
Education in India, 472-479; educa-
tion in ancient India, 472; Sanskrit
tols, 472; Calcutta Madrasa and other
colleges, 473; Mission schools, 473;
State system of education, 473, 474;
educational finance, 475; Indian uni-
versities, 475, 476; colleges, 476;
upper, middle, and primary schools,
476, 477; girls' schools, 478, 479;
normal and other special schools, 479;
educational classification of the popu-
lation, Appendix IX., 698-702.
Elephants, domestic and wild, 521; 655 ;
elephant-catching a Government mono-
poly, 655, 656; Elephant Preserva-
tion Act, 656.
Elgin, Lord, Viceroy of India (1862-63),
424.
Ellenborough, Earl of, Governor-General
of India (1842-44), 408, 409; the
Afghán army of retribution under
Generals Nott and Pollock, 408, 409;
Ellenborough's Somnáth proclamation,
409; conquest and annexation of Sind,
409; Gwalior outbreak, and the
battles of Mahárájpur and Punniah,
409.
Ellichpur, Muhammadan kingdom of
Southern India (1484-1572 A.D.), 288.
Elliot, Sir Henry, Tribes of the North-
Western Provinces, 195 (footnote 2);
History of India as told by its own
Historians, 271 (footnote); 272 (foot-
notes 3 and 4); 273 (footnote); 287
(footnote 2); 290, 291 (footnotes);
295 (footnote 1); 300 (footnote); 302
(footnote); 306 (footnote 2); 313 (foot-
note 1).
Elphinstone's History of India, quoted,
175 (footnote 2); 180 (footnote 2);
273 (footnote); 291 (footnote); 300
(footnote 2); 302 (footnotes); 306
(footnote 1).
Embden East India Company. -- See
PRUSSIAN AND EMBDEN EAST INDIA
COMPANIES.
Embroidery work, 603.
English in India, The (1496-1689 A.D.),
pp. 363-377. Attempts to reach India
by the North West passage, 363;
Thomas Stephens, the earliest recorded
English traveller in India (1579 A.D.),
363, 364; Fitch, Newberry, and Leedes
(1583 A.D.), 364; first Charter of the
East India Company (1600 A.D.), 364;
later East India Companies, 365; the
amalgamated Company (1709 A.D.),
365; early English voyages to India
(1600-12 A.D.), 365, 366; British
defeat of the Portuguese fleet
Swally (1615 A.D.), 366; Sir Thomas
Roe, British Ambassador to India
(1615 A.D.), 367; wars between Eng-
lish and Dutch, 367, 368; massacre of
Amboyna, and expulsion of the British
from the Eastern Archipelago, 368;
early Indian factories in India, 367,
368; Madras founded (1639 A.D.),
369; Húgli, Balasor, and Kásímbázár
factories, 369, 370; Bombay ceded to
the British Crown (1661 A.D.), and
the Presidency transferred thither
from
Surat (1684-87 A.D.), 370;
Bengal separated from Madras (1687
A.D.), 370; Sir John Child, first
'Governor-General,' 370, 371; Eng-
lish oppressed in Bengal by the native
Viceroys, 371; the Company starts on
territorial sway (1689 A.D.), 371;
causes of England's success in India,
and of the failure of other European
Ethnical division of the population, 51,
52; 73, 74.
European and Indian languages merely
varieties of Aryan speech, 76.
European Settlements (1498 to 18th cen-
tury A.D.), chap. xiv. pp. 356-377-
The Portuguese in India, 356-361;
early Portuguese voyages, Covilham
(1487 A.D.), and Vasco da Gama (1498
A.D.), 357, 358; state of India on
arrival of Portuguese, 358; Portu-
guese territorial expedition (1500 A.D.),
358; Portuguese supremacy in the
Eastern Seas (1500-1600 A.D.), 358,
359; capture of Goa by Albuquerque
(1510 A.D.), 359; Portuguese cruelties,
359; Albuquerque's policy of concilia-
tion, 359, 360; later Portuguese Vice-
roys, their oppressions and conquests,
360; downfall of the Portuguese in
India (1639-1739), 360, 361; Portu-
guese possessions in 1881, 361; mixed
descendants, 361. The Dutch in India
(1602-1824), 359-362; Dutch East
India Companies, 361; Dutch supre-
macy in the Eastern Seas (1600-1700
A.D.), 362; their brilliant progress,
but short-slighted policy and ultimate
downfall, 362; Dutch relics in India,
363. The early English in India,
363-371; attempts to reach India by
the North-West passage, 363; Thomas
Stephens, the first authentic English
traveller in India (1579 A. D.), 363,364:
later travellers, Fitch, Newberry, and
Leedes (1583 A.D.), 364; first Charter
of the East India Company (1600 A.D.),
364; later East India Companies,
(1635, 1655, and 1698 A.D.), 365; the
amalgamated Company (1709 A.D.),
365; early English voyages (1600-12
A.D.), 365; defeat of the Portuguese
fleet at Swally, off Surat (1615), 366;
Sir Thomas Roe, first English Ambas-
sador to India (1615 A.D.), 367; treaty
with the Dutch (1619 A.D.), 367;
English expelled from the Spice islands
and Java by the Dutch (1620-21 A.D.),
367; establishment of English factories
at Agra and Patná (1620 A.D.), 367;
Masulipatam factory established (1622)
A.D.), 368; English expelled from
Eastern Archipelago, and retire to
India, 368; Emperor's Farman grant-
ing English liberty to trade in Bengal,
368, 369; Madras founded (1639
A.D.), 369; Húgli factory established
(1640 A.D.), 369; Kásímbázár factory
(1658 A.D.), 369, 370; Bombay ceded
to the British Crown (1661 A.D.), 370;
Presidency removed from Surat
Bombay (1684-87 A.D.), 370; separa-
tion of Bengal from Madras (1681),
370; Sir John Child, first Governor-
General' (1686 A.D.), 370, 371:
Calcutta founded (1686), 371; the
Company embarks on territorial sway
(1689 A.D.), 371; French East India
Companies and possessions in 1881,
372; Danish, Scotch, and Spanish
Companies, 372; the German
Ostend Company, 372; its Indian
settlements (1772 A.D.), 373; its
successful experimental voyages and
political objects, 373, 374; Ostend
Company bankrupt and destroyed
(1783-84 A.D.), and extinguished (1793
(A.D.), 374; the Prussian and Embden
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