supremacy of the Bráhmans, 92-94; Viswamitra the Kshattriya, and Vasishtha the Bráhman, 92, 93; the four stages of a Brahman's life, 95; Brahman rule of life and its hereditary results on caste, 95, 96; Brahman theology, the post-Vedic gods, 97, 98; the Hindu triad, 98; the six darsanas or Brahman schools of philosophy, 98, 99; Sanskrit grammar and speech, 100, 101; Sanskrit manuscripts and dictionaries, 101-104; Bráhman astro- nomy, 104-106; mathematics, 106; medicine, 106-110; war, 110; music, 110-112; architecture and decorative art, 112, 113; painting, 113; law, 113-118; secular literature, the epics, 118-124; poetry and the drama, 125, 126; novels, Beast stories and fables, 127, 128; post-Vedic theological literature, the Puránas, 128, 129; modern Indian literature, 129; attacks on Brahmanism from the 6th century B.C. to the 19th century A. D., 130, 131; the Brahman caste analyzed, 193, 194. Brahmaputra, one of the great rivers of India, 13-16; its course and tributaries, 13; discharge, 13, 14; silt islands, 14, 15; changes in course, 15; traffic, 15, 16; junction of Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghná, 24; their combined delta and estuaries, 24, 25; alluvial deposits of the Brahmaputra, 27; steam navi- gation on, 552.
Brahui hills, a southern offshoot of the north-western Himalayas, marking a portion of the boundary between India and Baluchistán, 7.
Brandreth, Mr. E. L., Papers on the Gaurian languages, published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. x. pp. 64-66 (footnotes), vols. xi. and xii., 103.
Brass and copper work, 607. Breweries, 616, 617. Bridges of boats, 551. Briggs', Lieutenant-Colonel, Translation of Firishta's History of the Rise of the Muhammadan Power in India, 271; 273 (footnote); 285 (footnotes 2 and 4); 287 (footnote); 291 (footnotes). British Administration of India, chap. xvi. pp. 431-481. Control of India in England under the Company and under the Crown, 431; Council of the Secretary of State, 431; the Viceroy and Governor-General in Council, 431, 432; Executive and Legislative Coun- cils, 432, 433; High Courts of Jus- tice, 433; Law of British India, 433, 434; Provincial administration, 434, 435 Regulation' and 'Non-Regula- tion' territory, 435; duties of District
Officers, 435, 436; Districts, number of, in India, 436, 437; the Secretariats of the Government of India and of the Local Governments, 437, 438; the land-tax, 438-452; ancient land sys- tem of India, 438; the Musalmán land- tax, 439; the Zamíndár made landlord, 439; landed property in India, and the growth of private rights, 439, 440; rates of assessment, Government share of the crop, 441; methods of assess- ment, 440, 441; the Permanent Settle- ment of Bengal, creation of proprietors by law, 441, 442; intermediate tenure- holders, 443; Statistical Survey of Bengal, 443; oppression of the cultiva- tors, 443; Land Law of 1859, 443, 444; subsequent enhancements of rent and appointment of a Rent Commission, 444, 445; its recommendations, three years' tenant right, and compensation for disturbance, 444, 445; Orissa tem- porary Settlement, 445; Assam yearly Settlement, 445; ráyatwári Settlement in Madras, 445, 446; Sir Thomas Munro's method of assessment, 446; Permanent Settlement in estates of zamindárs and native chiefs in Madras, 446, 447; growth of cultivators into proprietors in Madras, and extension of tillage, 447; reduction of average land- tax in Madras, 448; Bombay land system, the survey tenure,' its advan- tages and disadvantages, 448, 449; debts of the Deccan peasant, 449; Bombay Agricultural Relief Acts of 1879 and 1881, and rural insolvency procedure, 449, 450; land Settlement in the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, corporate holdings, 451; land system of Oudh, the Talukdárs, 451, 452; land system of the Central Pro- vinces, 452; land revenue of British India, 452; salt administration, sources of salt supply, and realization of salt duty, 452, 453; working of the salt monopoly, 453, 454; process of salt manufacture, 444; excise on country spirits, rice beer, opium, gánjá, and charas, 454, 455; municipal adminis- tration and statistics, 455-457; Im- perial finance, and the business' of
the Indian Government, 457, 458; changes in systems of account and the obscurities resulting therefrom, 458, 459; gross and net taxation of British India, 459-461; English and Indian taxation, 459-461; Indian taxation under the Mughals and under the British, 462, 463; incidence of taxa- tion in Native States and British terri- tory, 463-465; gross balance-sheet of British India, and analysis of Indian
revenues, 465, 466; nature of the land- tax, 467; items of taxation summarized, 460, 461; 467, 468; Indian expendi- ture, the army, public debt, loss by exchange, public works, railways, etc., 468-470; local and municipal finance, 470; constitution and strength of the three Presidency armies, 471; police and jail statistics, 472; education, 472- 479; education in ancient India, village schools and Sanskrit tols, 472, 473; the Company's first efforts at education, the Calcutta Madrasa and other colleges, 473; mission schools, 473; State system of education, 474, 475; the Education Commission of 1882-83, and its recommendation, 474; educa- tional statistics of British India, 474, 475; the Indian Universities and their constitution, 475, 476; colleges, middle schools, and primary schools, in the various Provinces, 476-478; girls' schools, 478, 479; normal and other special schools, 479; the vernacular press and native journalism, 480; registered publications in India, 480, 481. For historical details, see ENG- LISH IN INDIA, and HISTORY OF BRITISH RULE.
British Burma, its physical geography, products, etc., 41, 42.-See also BURMA. British conquest of India, not from the Mughals but from the Hindus, 317. British India, its twelve Provinces, area and population in 1881, 43-45; also Appendices I. to X., 689-703. Britto, John de, Jesuit priest in Southern India, murdered (1693 A.D.), 245. Brocades, 603.
Brydon, Dr., the solitary survivor of the Kabul garrison in its retreat from Af- ghánistán, 408.
Bucephala, memorial city on the west
bank of the Jehlam, founded by Alexander, and named after his favourite charger, Bucephalus, near the modern Jalálpur, 165.
Buchanan Hamilton, Dr. Francis, his MS. Survey of the North - Eastern Districts of Bengal, quoted, 205, 206 (footnote 4); 207 (footnote 1). Buckingham Canal in Madras, navigation on, 553.
Buddha, the Sakya, 176, 177.
Buddha, his Life, his Doctrine, his Order, by Professor Oldenberg, quoted, 161 (footnote 3).
Buddhism, and life of Gautama Buddha,
chap. v. pp. 132-162. The story of Buddha modelled on the pre-existing Indian epic type, 132-135; Buddha and Ráma compared, 132; parentage of Buddha, his youth and early married
life, 133; his Great Renunciation, 133, 134; his Temptation in the forest, 134; his Enlightenment,' 134, 135; his public teachings and disciples, 135; his conversions in the Gangetic valley, and of his own family, 135, 136; his last words and death, 136; different versions of the legend of Buddha, 136, 137; biographies of Buddha, 137, 138; the southern and northern versions, 138: political life of Buddha, 139; defeat of his opponents by magical arts, 139, 140; overthrow of the schismatic Devadatta, 140; Buddha as a Sakya prince, 140; Chinese text of Buddha's dying discourse, 141; his doctrines, 141; law of Karma, 141, 142; law of Nirvana or 'liberation,' 142; moral code of Buddhism, 143; missionary aspects of Buddhism, 143; the four great Buddhist Councils, 143-147; the work of Asoka, his great Council, 144-146; his Rock Edicts, 144, 145; Asoka's missionary efforts, 146, 147; his reformed canon of the Buddhist scriptures, 146, 147; Kanishka's Council and his three commentaries on the Buddhist faith, 147; the northern and southern canons, 147, 148; Buddhism as a national religion, 148; its religious orders and practical morality, 148, 149; spread of Buddhism in the south to Ceylon, and in the north to China, 149, 150; Buddhist influence on Christianity, 150, 151; Buddha as a Christian saint, 151; legend of saints Barlaam and Josaphat, 151, 152; a Japanese temple, its analogies to Hinduism and Christianity, 152; Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu, 153; Buddha's personality denied, 153, 154; continuous co- existence of Buddhism and Brahman- ism, 154 modern Hinduism, the joint product of both religions, 154, 155; Buddhism in India in the 7th century A.D., 156; Council of Siláditya, 156; Siláditya's charity, 156, 157; monastery of Nalanda, 157; mingling of Buddhism and Bráhmanism, 157; victory of Bráhmanism, 157, 158; Buddhism an exiled religion from India, 158; its foreign conquests, 158 Buddhist survivals in India, 158-162; the Jains, 158-162; Jain doctrines, 159; Jain temple cities, 159; relation of Jainism to Buddhism, 159, 160; anti- quity of the Jains, 160, 161; date of the Jain scriptures, 161, 162; the Jains an independent sect, 162; modern Jainism, 162.
Buddhist population in India, 136 (and footnote); see also Appendix V., 693 ;
Buddhist influences on later religions, analogies of a Japanese temple to Hinduism and Christianity, 152; 202. Buffaloes, 520; 658.
Bühler, Dr. G., Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS., published in the Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Asiatic Society, No. xxxiv. A, vol. xii., 1877, quoted, 102 (footnotes I and 3); Digest of the Hindu Law of Inheritance, Partition, and Adoption, 117 (footnote 2). Building stone, 627, 628. Bundelás, a Rájput tribe, formerly the ruling race in Bundelkhand, ousted by the Maráthás, 71 and foot-
Burma, in ancient times and in the 15th
century A.D., 403; encroachments on India and first Burmese war (1824-26), 403, 404; annexation of Assam, Arakan, and Tenasserim, 404; second Burmese war (1852) and annexation of Pegu, 413, 414; prosperity of Burma under British rule, 414; annexation of Upper Burma (1st January 1886), 430; export of rice from, 572; trans- frontier trade with, 588-590; geology of, 639, 640. See also BRITISH BURMA.
Burnell, Dr., Palæography of Southern
India, quoted, 103 (footnote); The Ordinances of Manu, 114 (footnotes); Daya-vibhagha, 117 (footnote); 195 (footnote 2).
Burnes, Sir Alexander, assassination of, in Kábul (1841), 408.
Cabot's attempt to reach India by way of the north-west passage, 363. Cabral's expedition to India (1500 A.D.),
and establishment of Portuguese fac- tories at Calicut and Cochin, 358. Cacharís, a semi-Hinduized aboriginal tribe of Assam and North-Eastern Bengal, 71 (footnote).
Calcutta founded (1686 A.D.), 371; cap- ture of, by Siráj-ud-Daulá, and the Black Hole, 381; re-capture of Calcutta by Clive, 381, 382; Calcutta Canals, 553; Calcutta as a seaport and its share of trade, 559, 560. Caldwell, Bishop, Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages, quoted, 65-68, and footnotes; 173 (footnote 2); 240 (footnote 1); 327 (footnotes 2 and 3); 328 (footnote); 330 (footnote 2); 332 (footnote); 340 (footnote 1); 369 (footnote).
Calicut, visits of Vasco da Gama to, and establishment of a Portuguese factory,
357, 358; attempt of the English to establish a factory at, 367.
Camels, 520; camel-hair embroidered shawls, 603.
Campbell, Sir Colin (Lord Clyde), relief of Lucknow by, 421; campaign in Oudh, 421, 422.
Campbell, Sir George, Specimens of the Languages of India, quoted, 67 (foot- note).
Canals (irrigation) in Sind and Bombay, 530, 531; the three great Punjab canals, 531, 532; the Doáb canals in the North- Western Provinces, 532, 533; Orissa canal system, 534; the Son canals and irrigation in Bengal, 534, 535; irrigation works in the Madras deltas, 536, 537.
Canning, Earl, Governor General of India (1856-62), 417-424. The Mu- tiny of 1857-58, 417-424; downfall of the Company, 422; India trans- ferred to the Crown, and the Queen's Proclamation, 423, 424; Lord Canning the first Viceroy, 424; financial and legal reforms, 424.
Car-Festival of Jagannáth, 224-226; self- immolation not practised, 224; blood- less worship and gentle doctrines of, 225, 226.
Carnelians, 629. Carpet-weaving, 604.
Caste, formation of the four castes, 87-91.
Caste rewards and punishments, 199,
Caste system, its religious and social aspects, 192-200. Catena of Buddhist Scriptures from the Chinese, by Mr. S. Beal, quoted, 142 (footnote 1); 147 (footnote 2); 150 (footnote 3); 157 (footnote 2); 176 (footnote 2); 204 (footnote 2).
Cathay and the Way Thither, by Colonel
Yule, quoted, 233 (footnote 2); 238 (footnote 3).
Catholic Missions in India, 229-259. Origin of Christianity in India, 229, 230; the three legends of St. Thomas the Apostle, Thomas the Manichæan, and Thomas the Armenian, and their respective claims as the founder of Indian Christianity, 231-235; Nes- torian Church in Asia side by side with Buddhism for 1000 years, its wide diffusion, 235, 236; the forcible conversion of the Nestorians or St. Thomas Christians, to the Church of Rome, by the Portuguese, 241-243; Syrian and Jacobite Catholics in Malabar, 243, 244; labours of St. Francis Xavier, 244, 245; early Jesuit priests, their conversions and literary
labours, agricultural settlements, and collegiate city of Cochin, 245-253; Portuguese inquisition established at Goa, autos da fé, and abolition of the inquisition, 253, 254; suppression of the Jesuits (1759-73), and their re-estab- lishment (1814), 254, 255; organiza- tion of modern Roman Catholic Mis- sions, 255; jurisdiction of the Arch- bishop of Goa, 255, 256; distribution of Roman Catholics, 257; Syrian and Roman Catholic Christians, 257; Roman Catholic population of India, 258; progress of Roman Catholicism, its missions, colleges, and schools, 259.
Cattle, Breeds of, 520.
Cave inscriptions of Asoka, 145, 146. Cawnpur, the Mutiny at, massacre of the garrison and the women and chil- dren, 420.
Central Asia, trans-Himálayan trade with, 586-590.
Ceylon, India's trade with, 578, 579. Chain armour, manufacture of, 606, 607. Chaitanya, Hindu religious reformer (1485-1527 A.D.), his life and teach- ings, 219-221.
Chait Singh, Rájá of Benares, exactions of Warren Hastings from (1780), 390. Chandarnagar, French Settlement in Bengal, 381; bombardment and cap- ture of, by Admiral Watson (1757), 382.
Chand Bardái, Hindi poet (12th century), 345.
Chandelas, formerly a ruling race in Bundelkhand, North Western Pro- vinces, 71.
Chandi Dás, religious poet of the 15th century, 348; hymn to Krishna, 348, 349.
Chandra Gupta, King of Magadha (326 B. C.), 166-170; cession of the Greek possessions in the Punjab to, by Seleukos, Alexander's successor (306 B.C.); the Embassy of Megasthenes, 167-170.
Changes of caste occupation by the Shahas, Telís, and Tambulís of Bengal, 196, 197.
Changes of river-beds and deserted river capitals, 30.
Character of the non-Aryan tribes, their fidelity as soldiers, 72. Charak-puja or hook-swinging festival, 213.
Charas, Excise duty on, 455.
Chera, ancient Hindu dynasty in Southern India, 286.
Cherra-Punjí, rainfall at, 7; 649, 650. Child, Sir John, Captain-General and Admiral of India' (1684), also Governor- General, 370, 371.
Child-worship of Krishna, 222. Childers, Mr., Dictionary of the Pa'i Language, quoted, 132; 134, 137, 138; 142 (footnotes). Chilianwala, Battle of, 412, 413. China, India's trade with, 577; 582, 583. Chinsurah, defeat of the Dutch at, by Clive, 362, 363; head-quarters of the Dutch settlement in Bengal, 381. Chips from a German Workshop, by Professor Max Müller, quoted, 83 (footnote 1); 127 (footnote 3); 142 footnote 2); 151 (footnote 1). Chola, Ancient Hindu dynasty in Southern India, 286.
Christianity in India (100 to 1881 A.D.), chap. ix. pp. 229-267. Christianity coeval with Buddhism in India for 900 years, 229; origin of Christianity in India, 229; Syrian Christians in India, 230; the three legends of St. Thomas, 230-233; wide meaning of India in the writings of the Christian Fathers, 233, 234; first glimpse of Indian Christians (190 A.D.), 234; ancient Roman trade with India, 234; Jew Settlements in ancient Malabar, 234, 235; Indian Christians (190-547 A. D.), as described by Pantaænus, Hippolytus, and Cosmos Indicopleustes, 235; Nestorian Church in Asia, 235, 236; Nestorianism and Buddhism side by side for 1000 years, 236; wide diffu- sion of the Nestorian Church, 236, 237; the Thomas Christians' of Persia and of India, 237; localization of the legend of St. Thomas, 237-239; embassy of Alfred the Great to India (833 A.D.), 239; troubles of the ancient Indian Church, 240; the Nestorian St. Thomas Christians of Malabar, a powerful and respected military caste, 240, 241; Portuguese efforts at their conversion to Rome, 241; Synod of Diamper (1599 A.D.), 241, 242; Malabar Christians freed from Portuguese oppression by the Dutch, 242, 243; Jacobite and Syrian Christians in Malabar, 243; extinction of Nestorianism in Malabar, 243, 244; early Portuguese missionaries identi- fied with Portuguese aggressions, 244; Xavier and the Jesuits (1542 A.D.), 244, 245; work done by the Madras Jesuits, 245, 246; early Jesuit stations in India, 246; conquest and con-
version the basis of Portuguese Indian rule, 246, 247; parochial organiza- tion of Portuguese India, 247; Jesuit station of Thána (1550 A.D.), its Christian craftsmen and cultivators, 247, 248; Jesuit rural organization, 248; Cochin, a Jesuit collegiate city, 248, 249; Jesuit itineraries and con- versions, 250, 251; the Malabar Mission in the 17th and 18th centuries, 251; caste questions among Malabar Christians, 251, 252; Christian martyr- doms, 252, 253; establishment of the inquisition at Goa, 253, 254; autos da fé, 254; persecutions and aggres- sions by Portuguese, 254; Goa inquisi- tion abolished (1812), 254; suppression of the Jesuits (1759), 254, 255; their re-establishment (1814), 255; organiza- tion of Roman Catholic Missions in India, 255; separate jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Goa, 255, 256; distribution of Roman Catholics, 257; the Verapoli vicariate in Travancore, 257; Syrian and Roman Catholic Christians, 257; statistics of Roman Catholic population of India, 258; Roman Catholic progress, 259; Pondi- cherri Mission, 259; Catholic colleges and schools, 259; first Protestant Missions in India (1705), 259, 260; vernacular translation of the Bible (1725 A.D.), 260; Protestant mis- sionaries in Tanjore, Calcutta, and Serampur, 260; opposition of the East India Company to Missions, 260; Bishopric of Calcutta, 261; other Indian sees, 261; Presbyterian and other Protestant Missions, 261; statistics of Protestant Missions, 261, 262; increase of native Protestants, 262, 263; extended use of native agency, 263; rapid development of school work of Protestant Missions, 262, 263; general statistics of Chris- tian population in India, 263, 264; Protestant denominational statistics, 264, 265; Indian Ecclesiastical estab- lishment, 266, 267.
Chronicle of the Pathán Kings of Delhi,
by Mr. E. Thomas, quoted, 271 (foot- note); 280, 281 (footnotes); 283 (footnote 1); 284 (footnote 1); 285 (footnote 3); 287 (footnote 2); 291 (footnote); 298 (footnote 1). Chronological table of Governors, Gover- nors-General and Viceroys of India (1758-1885), 384.
Chronological table of Muhammadan conquerors and dynasties (1001-1857 A.D.), 271.
Chronology of early European travellers to India, 356, 357 (footnote).
Cinchona cultivation, 5c9-511; intro- duction of plant, 509; the plantations in Southern India and at Dárjiling, 509, 510; statistics of out-turn and financial results, 510, 511.
Clive, struggle with Dupleix in the Kar- nátik, 378, 379; defence of Arcot, 379; re-capture of Calcutta, 381, 382; battle of Plassey and its results, 382; Clive's jágír, 383, 384; appointed Gover- nor of Bengal, 384; Clive's second Governorship, 386; his partition of the Gangetic valley, 387; grant of the diwání of Bengal, 387; reorganization of the Company's service, 387. Clyde, Lord, relief of Lucknow, 420; campaign in Oudh, and suppression of the Mutiny, 421.
Coal and coal mining, 41; 619; history
of Bengal coal mining, 619, 620; coal in the Central Provinces, 620, 621; Ráníganj coal-fields, 621; outlying coal-beds, 621, 622; future of Indian coal, 622; geology of Indian coal- fields, 636, 637.
Coalition of Vishnuism with Islám in Kabir's teaching, 219.
Coasting trade of India and coast-shipping, 583-586.
Cobalt in Rajputána, 626. Cobra di capello, The, 660.
Cochin, the Jesuit Collegiate city of the 16th century, 248-250; first establish- ment of Portuguese factory at (1500 A.D.), 358.
Coffee cultivation, 502-504; its intro- duction into India, 502; area under cultivation, 502, 503; suitable sites for gardens, 503; processes of preparation, 503, 504; exports of, 575. Colebrooke's Essays, quoted, 191 (foot- note 2).
Colleges and high schools, 476, 477. Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients in the Indian Ocean, by Dean Vincent, quoted, 164 (footnote 1); 356 (foot- note).
Commerce and Navigation of the Eryth rean Sea, by Mr. J. M'Crindle, quoted, 166 (footnotes 1 and 2); 356 (footnote). Commerce and trade, chap. xix. pp. 555-597. Ancient and medieval trade of India, 555; function of modern Indian trade, 555, 556; sea-borne trade impossible under the Mughals, 556; growth of trading and industrial cities under British rule, 556, 557; summary of Indian exports (1700-1885), 558; India's balance of trade, 558, 559; the Home charges, 559; India's yearly trade savings, 559; the chief Indian ports of export trade, 559, 560; early Portuguese trade, 560; Dutch mono-
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