supremacy of the Bráhmans, 92-94;
Viswamitra the Kshattriya, and
Vasishtha the Bráhman, 92, 93; the
four stages of a Brahman's life, 95;
Brahman rule of life and its hereditary
results on caste, 95, 96; Brahman
theology, the post-Vedic gods, 97, 98;
the Hindu triad, 98; the six darsanas
or Brahman schools of philosophy,
98, 99; Sanskrit grammar and speech,
100, 101; Sanskrit manuscripts and
dictionaries, 101-104; Bráhman astro-
nomy, 104-106; mathematics, 106;
medicine, 106-110; war, 110; music,
110-112; architecture and decorative
art, 112, 113; painting, 113; law,
113-118; secular literature, the epics,
118-124; poetry and the drama, 125,
126; novels, Beast stories and fables,
127, 128; post-Vedic theological
literature, the Puránas, 128, 129;
modern Indian literature, 129; attacks
on Brahmanism from the 6th century
B.C. to the 19th century A. D., 130, 131;
the Brahman caste analyzed, 193, 194.
Brahmaputra, one of the great rivers of
India, 13-16; its course and tributaries,
13; discharge, 13, 14; silt islands, 14,
15; changes in course, 15; traffic, 15,
16; junction of Ganges, Brahmaputra,
and Meghná, 24; their combined delta
and estuaries, 24, 25; alluvial deposits
of the Brahmaputra, 27; steam navi-
gation on, 552.

Brahui hills, a southern offshoot of the
north-western Himalayas, marking a
portion of the boundary between India
and Baluchistán, 7.

Brandreth, Mr. E. L., Papers on the
Gaurian languages, published in the
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society,
vol. x. pp. 64-66 (footnotes), vols. xi.
and xii., 103.

Brass and copper work, 607.
Breweries, 616, 617.
Bridges of boats, 551.
Briggs', Lieutenant-Colonel, Translation
of Firishta's History of the Rise of the
Muhammadan Power in India, 271;
273 (footnote); 285 (footnotes 2 and 4);
287 (footnote); 291 (footnotes).
British Administration of India, chap.
xvi. pp. 431-481. Control of India
in England under the Company and
under the Crown, 431; Council of the
Secretary of State, 431; the Viceroy
and Governor-General in Council, 431,
432; Executive and Legislative Coun-
cils, 432, 433; High Courts of Jus-
tice, 433; Law of British India, 433,
434; Provincial administration, 434,
435 Regulation' and 'Non-Regula-
tion' territory, 435; duties of District

711

Officers, 435, 436; Districts, number
of, in India, 436, 437; the Secretariats
of the Government of India and of the
Local Governments, 437, 438; the
land-tax, 438-452; ancient land sys-
tem of India, 438; the Musalmán land-
tax, 439; the Zamíndár made landlord,
439; landed property in India, and
the growth of private rights, 439, 440;
rates of assessment, Government share
of the crop, 441; methods of assess-
ment, 440, 441; the Permanent Settle-
ment of Bengal, creation of proprietors
by law, 441, 442; intermediate tenure-
holders, 443; Statistical Survey of
Bengal, 443; oppression of the cultiva-
tors, 443; Land Law of 1859, 443, 444;
subsequent enhancements of rent and
appointment of a Rent Commission, 444,
445; its recommendations, three years'
tenant right, and compensation for
disturbance, 444, 445; Orissa tem-
porary Settlement, 445; Assam yearly
Settlement, 445; ráyatwári Settlement
in Madras, 445, 446; Sir Thomas
Munro's method of assessment, 446;
Permanent Settlement in estates of
zamindárs and native chiefs in Madras,
446, 447; growth of cultivators into
proprietors in Madras, and extension of
tillage, 447; reduction of average land-
tax in Madras, 448; Bombay land
system, the survey tenure,' its advan-
tages and disadvantages, 448, 449;
debts of the Deccan peasant, 449;
Bombay Agricultural Relief Acts of
1879 and 1881, and rural insolvency
procedure, 449, 450; land Settlement
in the North-Western Provinces and
Oudh, corporate holdings, 451; land
system of Oudh, the Talukdárs, 451,
452; land system of the Central Pro-
vinces, 452; land revenue of British
India, 452; salt administration, sources
of salt supply, and realization of salt
duty, 452, 453; working of the salt
monopoly, 453, 454; process of salt
manufacture, 444; excise on country
spirits, rice beer, opium, gánjá, and
charas, 454, 455; municipal adminis-
tration and statistics, 455-457; Im-
perial finance, and the business' of

the Indian Government, 457, 458;
changes in systems of account and the
obscurities resulting therefrom, 458,
459; gross and net taxation of British
India, 459-461; English and Indian
taxation, 459-461; Indian taxation
under the Mughals and under the
British, 462, 463; incidence of taxa-
tion in Native States and British terri-
tory, 463-465; gross balance-sheet of
British India, and analysis of Indian

revenues, 465, 466; nature of the land-
tax, 467; items of taxation summarized,
460, 461; 467, 468; Indian expendi-
ture, the army, public debt, loss by
exchange, public works, railways, etc.,
468-470; local and municipal finance,
470; constitution and strength of the
three Presidency armies, 471; police
and jail statistics, 472; education, 472-
479; education in ancient India, village
schools and Sanskrit tols, 472, 473;
the Company's first efforts at education,
the Calcutta Madrasa and other
colleges, 473; mission schools, 473;
State system of education, 474, 475;
the Education Commission of 1882-83,
and its recommendation, 474; educa-
tional statistics of British India, 474,
475; the Indian Universities and their
constitution, 475, 476; colleges, middle
schools, and primary schools, in the
various Provinces, 476-478; girls'
schools, 478, 479; normal and other
special schools, 479; the vernacular
press and native journalism, 480;
registered publications in India, 480,
481. For historical details, see ENG-
LISH IN INDIA, and HISTORY OF
BRITISH RULE.

British Burma, its physical geography,
products, etc., 41, 42.-See also BURMA.
British conquest of India, not from the
Mughals but from the Hindus, 317.
British India, its twelve Provinces, area
and population in 1881, 43-45; also
Appendices I. to X., 689-703.
Britto, John de, Jesuit priest in Southern
India, murdered (1693 A.D.), 245.
Brocades, 603.

Brydon, Dr., the solitary survivor of the
Kabul garrison in its retreat from Af-
ghánistán, 408.

Bucephala, memorial city on the west

bank of the Jehlam, founded by
Alexander, and named after his favourite
charger, Bucephalus, near the modern
Jalálpur, 165.

Buchanan Hamilton, Dr. Francis, his
MS. Survey of the North - Eastern
Districts of Bengal, quoted, 205, 206
(footnote 4); 207 (footnote 1).
Buckingham Canal in Madras, navigation
on, 553.

Buddha, the Sakya, 176, 177.

Buddha, his Life, his Doctrine, his Order,
by Professor Oldenberg, quoted, 161
(footnote 3).

Buddhism, and life of Gautama Buddha,

chap. v. pp. 132-162. The story of
Buddha modelled on the pre-existing
Indian epic type, 132-135; Buddha and
Ráma compared, 132; parentage of
Buddha, his youth and early married

life, 133; his Great Renunciation, 133,
134; his Temptation in the forest, 134;
his
Enlightenment,' 134, 135; his
public teachings and disciples, 135; his
conversions in the Gangetic valley, and
of his own family, 135, 136; his last
words and death, 136; different versions
of the legend of Buddha, 136, 137;
biographies of Buddha, 137, 138; the
southern and northern versions, 138:
political life of Buddha, 139; defeat
of his opponents by magical arts, 139,
140; overthrow of the schismatic
Devadatta, 140; Buddha as a Sakya
prince, 140; Chinese text of Buddha's
dying discourse, 141; his doctrines,
141; law of Karma, 141, 142; law of
Nirvana or 'liberation,' 142; moral
code of Buddhism, 143; missionary
aspects of Buddhism, 143; the four
great Buddhist Councils, 143-147;
the work of Asoka, his great Council,
144-146; his Rock Edicts, 144, 145;
Asoka's missionary efforts, 146, 147;
his reformed canon of the Buddhist
scriptures, 146, 147; Kanishka's
Council and his three commentaries
on the Buddhist faith, 147; the
northern and southern canons, 147,
148; Buddhism as a national religion,
148; its religious orders and practical
morality, 148, 149; spread of
Buddhism in the south to Ceylon, and
in the north to China, 149, 150;
Buddhist influence on Christianity, 150,
151; Buddha as a Christian saint, 151;
legend of saints Barlaam and Josaphat,
151, 152; a Japanese temple, its
analogies to Hinduism and Christianity,
152; Buddha as an incarnation of
Vishnu, 153; Buddha's personality
denied, 153, 154; continuous co-
existence of Buddhism and Brahman-
ism, 154 modern Hinduism, the
joint product of both religions, 154,
155; Buddhism in India in the 7th
century A.D., 156; Council of Siláditya,
156; Siláditya's charity, 156, 157;
monastery of Nalanda, 157; mingling
of Buddhism and Bráhmanism, 157;
victory of Bráhmanism, 157, 158;
Buddhism an exiled religion from India,
158; its foreign conquests, 158
Buddhist survivals in India, 158-162;
the Jains, 158-162; Jain doctrines, 159;
Jain temple cities, 159; relation of
Jainism to Buddhism, 159, 160; anti-
quity of the Jains, 160, 161; date of
the Jain scriptures, 161, 162; the
Jains an independent sect, 162; modern
Jainism, 162.

Buddhist population in India, 136 (and
footnote); see also Appendix V., 693 ;

Buddhist influences on later religions,
analogies of a Japanese temple to
Hinduism and Christianity, 152; 202.
Buffaloes, 520; 658.

Bühler, Dr. G., Tour in Search of Sanskrit
MSS., published in the Journal of the
Bombay Branch of the Asiatic Society,
No. xxxiv. A, vol. xii., 1877, quoted,
102 (footnotes I and 3); Digest of the
Hindu Law of Inheritance, Partition,
and Adoption, 117 (footnote 2).
Building stone, 627, 628.
Bundelás, a Rájput tribe, formerly
the ruling race in Bundelkhand,
ousted by the Maráthás, 71 and foot-

note.

Burma, in ancient times and in the 15th

century A.D., 403; encroachments on
India and first Burmese war (1824-26),
403, 404; annexation of Assam,
Arakan, and Tenasserim, 404; second
Burmese war (1852) and annexation of
Pegu, 413, 414; prosperity of Burma
under British rule, 414; annexation of
Upper Burma (1st January 1886),
430; export of rice from, 572; trans-
frontier trade with, 588-590; geology
of, 639, 640. See also BRITISH
BURMA.

-

Burnell, Dr., Palæography of Southern

India, quoted, 103 (footnote); The
Ordinances of Manu, 114 (footnotes);
Daya-vibhagha, 117 (footnote); 195
(footnote 2).

Burnes, Sir Alexander, assassination of,
in Kábul (1841), 408.

с

Cabot's attempt to reach India by way of
the north-west passage, 363.
Cabral's expedition to India (1500 A.D.),

and establishment of Portuguese fac-
tories at Calicut and Cochin, 358.
Cacharís, a semi-Hinduized aboriginal
tribe of Assam and North-Eastern
Bengal, 71 (footnote).

Calcutta founded (1686 A.D.), 371; cap-
ture of, by Siráj-ud-Daulá, and the
Black Hole, 381; re-capture of Calcutta
by Clive, 381, 382; Calcutta Canals,
553; Calcutta as a seaport and its share
of trade, 559, 560.
Caldwell, Bishop, Comparative Grammar
of the Dravidian Languages, quoted,
65-68, and footnotes; 173 (footnote 2);
240 (footnote 1); 327 (footnotes 2 and
3); 328 (footnote); 330 (footnote 2);
332 (footnote); 340 (footnote 1); 369
(footnote).

Calicut, visits of Vasco da Gama to, and
establishment of a Portuguese factory,

713

357, 358; attempt of the English to
establish a factory at, 367.

Camels, 520; camel-hair embroidered
shawls, 603.

Campbell, Sir Colin (Lord Clyde), relief
of Lucknow by, 421; campaign in
Oudh, 421, 422.

Campbell, Sir George, Specimens of the
Languages of India, quoted, 67 (foot-
note).

Canals (irrigation) in Sind and Bombay,
530, 531; the three great Punjab canals,
531, 532; the Doáb canals in the North-
Western Provinces, 532, 533; Orissa
canal system, 534; the Son canals
and irrigation in Bengal, 534, 535;
irrigation works in the Madras deltas,
536, 537.

Canning, Earl, Governor General of
India (1856-62), 417-424. The Mu-
tiny of 1857-58, 417-424; downfall
of the Company, 422; India trans-
ferred to the Crown, and the Queen's
Proclamation, 423, 424; Lord Canning
the first Viceroy, 424; financial and
legal reforms, 424.

Car-Festival of Jagannáth, 224-226; self-
immolation not practised, 224; blood-
less worship and gentle doctrines of,
225, 226.

Carnelians, 629.
Carpet-weaving, 604.

Caste, formation of the four castes,
87-91.

Caste rewards and punishments, 199,

200.

Caste system, its religious and social
aspects, 192-200.
Catena of Buddhist Scriptures from the
Chinese, by Mr. S. Beal, quoted, 142
(footnote 1); 147 (footnote 2); 150
(footnote 3); 157 (footnote 2); 176
(footnote 2); 204 (footnote 2).

Cathay and the Way Thither, by Colonel

Yule, quoted, 233 (footnote 2); 238
(footnote 3).

Catholic Missions in India, 229-259.
Origin of Christianity in India, 229,
230; the three legends of St. Thomas
the Apostle, Thomas the Manichæan,
and Thomas the Armenian, and their
respective claims as the founder of
Indian Christianity, 231-235; Nes-
torian Church in Asia side by side
with Buddhism for 1000 years, its
wide diffusion, 235, 236; the forcible
conversion of the Nestorians or St.
Thomas Christians, to the Church of
Rome, by the Portuguese, 241-243;
Syrian and Jacobite Catholics in
Malabar, 243, 244; labours of St.
Francis Xavier, 244, 245; early Jesuit
priests, their conversions and literary

labours, agricultural settlements, and
collegiate city of Cochin, 245-253;
Portuguese inquisition established at
Goa, autos da fé, and abolition of the
inquisition, 253, 254; suppression of
the Jesuits (1759-73), and their re-estab-
lishment (1814), 254, 255; organiza-
tion of modern Roman Catholic Mis-
sions, 255; jurisdiction of the Arch-
bishop of Goa, 255, 256; distribution
of Roman Catholics, 257; Syrian and
Roman Catholic Christians, 257;
Roman Catholic population of India,
258; progress of Roman Catholicism,
its missions, colleges, and schools,
259.

Cattle, Breeds of, 520.

Cave inscriptions of Asoka, 145, 146.
Cawnpur, the Mutiny at, massacre of
the garrison and the women and chil-
dren, 420.

Central Asia, trans-Himálayan trade with,
586-590.

Ceylon, India's trade with, 578, 579.
Chain armour, manufacture of, 606, 607.
Chaitanya, Hindu religious reformer
(1485-1527 A.D.), his life and teach-
ings, 219-221.

Chait Singh, Rájá of Benares, exactions
of Warren Hastings from (1780), 390.
Chandarnagar, French Settlement in
Bengal, 381; bombardment and cap-
ture of, by Admiral Watson (1757),
382.

Chand Bardái, Hindi poet (12th century),
345.

Chandelas, formerly a ruling race in
Bundelkhand, North Western Pro-
vinces, 71.

Chandi Dás, religious poet of the 15th
century, 348; hymn to Krishna, 348,
349.

Chandra Gupta, King of Magadha (326
B. C.), 166-170; cession of the Greek
possessions in the Punjab to, by
Seleukos, Alexander's successor (306
B.C.); the Embassy of Megasthenes,
167-170.

Changes of caste occupation by the
Shahas, Telís, and Tambulís of Bengal,
196, 197.

Changes of river-beds and deserted river
capitals, 30.

Character of the non-Aryan tribes, their
fidelity as soldiers, 72.
Charak-puja or hook-swinging festival,
213.

Charas, Excise duty on, 455.

Chera, ancient Hindu dynasty in Southern
India, 286.

Cherra-Punjí, rainfall at, 7; 649, 650.
Child, Sir John, Captain-General and
Admiral of India' (1684), also Governor-
General, 370, 371.

Child-worship of Krishna, 222.
Childers, Mr., Dictionary of the Pa'i
Language, quoted, 132; 134, 137, 138;
142 (footnotes).
Chilianwala, Battle of, 412, 413.
China, India's trade with, 577; 582,
583.
Chinsurah, defeat of the Dutch at, by
Clive, 362, 363; head-quarters of the
Dutch settlement in Bengal, 381.
Chips from a German Workshop, by
Professor Max Müller, quoted, 83
(footnote 1); 127 (footnote 3); 142
footnote 2); 151 (footnote 1).
Chola, Ancient Hindu dynasty in
Southern India, 286.

Christianity in India (100 to 1881 A.D.),
chap. ix. pp. 229-267. Christianity
coeval with Buddhism in India for 900
years, 229; origin of Christianity in
India, 229; Syrian Christians in India,
230; the three legends of St. Thomas,
230-233; wide meaning of India in
the writings of the Christian Fathers,
233, 234; first glimpse of Indian
Christians (190 A.D.), 234; ancient
Roman trade with India, 234; Jew
Settlements in ancient Malabar, 234,
235; Indian Christians (190-547 A. D.),
as described by Pantaænus, Hippolytus,
and Cosmos Indicopleustes, 235;
Nestorian Church in Asia, 235, 236;
Nestorianism and Buddhism side by
side for 1000 years, 236; wide diffu-
sion of the Nestorian Church, 236,
237; the Thomas Christians' of
Persia and of India, 237; localization
of the legend of St. Thomas, 237-239;
embassy of Alfred the Great to India
(833 A.D.), 239; troubles of the
ancient Indian Church, 240; the
Nestorian St. Thomas Christians of
Malabar, a powerful and respected
military caste, 240, 241; Portuguese
efforts at their conversion to Rome,
241; Synod of Diamper (1599 A.D.),
241, 242; Malabar Christians freed
from Portuguese oppression by the
Dutch, 242, 243; Jacobite and Syrian
Christians in Malabar, 243; extinction
of Nestorianism in Malabar, 243, 244;
early Portuguese missionaries identi-
fied with Portuguese aggressions, 244;
Xavier and the Jesuits (1542 A.D.),
244, 245; work done by the Madras
Jesuits, 245, 246; early Jesuit stations
in India, 246; conquest and con-

version the basis of Portuguese Indian
rule, 246, 247; parochial organiza-
tion of Portuguese India, 247; Jesuit
station of Thána (1550 A.D.), its
Christian craftsmen and cultivators,
247, 248; Jesuit rural organization,
248; Cochin, a Jesuit collegiate city,
248, 249; Jesuit itineraries and con-
versions, 250, 251; the Malabar
Mission in the 17th and 18th centuries,
251; caste questions among Malabar
Christians, 251, 252; Christian martyr-
doms, 252, 253; establishment of the
inquisition at Goa, 253, 254; autos
da fé, 254; persecutions and aggres-
sions by Portuguese, 254; Goa inquisi-
tion abolished (1812), 254; suppression
of the Jesuits (1759), 254, 255; their
re-establishment (1814), 255; organiza-
tion of Roman Catholic Missions in
India, 255; separate jurisdiction of
the Archbishop of Goa, 255, 256;
distribution of Roman Catholics, 257;
the Verapoli vicariate in Travancore,
257; Syrian and Roman Catholic
Christians, 257; statistics of Roman
Catholic population of India, 258;
Roman Catholic progress, 259; Pondi-
cherri Mission, 259; Catholic colleges
and schools, 259; first Protestant
Missions in India (1705), 259, 260;
vernacular translation of the Bible
(1725 A.D.), 260; Protestant mis-
sionaries in Tanjore, Calcutta, and
Serampur, 260; opposition of the
East India Company to Missions, 260;
Bishopric of Calcutta, 261; other
Indian sees, 261; Presbyterian and
other Protestant Missions, 261;
statistics of Protestant Missions, 261,
262; increase of native Protestants,
262, 263; extended use of native
agency, 263; rapid development of
school work of Protestant Missions,
262, 263; general statistics of Chris-
tian population in India, 263, 264;
Protestant denominational statistics,
264, 265; Indian Ecclesiastical estab-
lishment, 266, 267.

Chronicle of the Pathán Kings of Delhi,

by Mr. E. Thomas, quoted, 271 (foot-
note); 280, 281 (footnotes); 283
(footnote 1); 284 (footnote 1); 285
(footnote 3); 287 (footnote 2); 291
(footnote); 298 (footnote 1).
Chronological table of Governors, Gover-
nors-General and Viceroys of India
(1758-1885), 384.

Chronological table of Muhammadan
conquerors and dynasties (1001-1857
A.D.), 271.

Chronology of early European travellers
to India, 356, 357 (footnote).

715

Cinchona cultivation, 5c9-511; intro-
duction of plant, 509; the plantations
in Southern India and at Dárjiling,
509, 510; statistics of out-turn and
financial results, 510, 511.

Clive, struggle with Dupleix in the Kar-
nátik, 378, 379; defence of Arcot, 379;
re-capture of Calcutta, 381, 382; battle
of Plassey and its results, 382; Clive's
jágír, 383, 384; appointed Gover-
nor of Bengal, 384; Clive's second
Governorship, 386; his partition of
the Gangetic valley, 387; grant of the
diwání of Bengal, 387; reorganization
of the Company's service, 387.
Clyde, Lord, relief of Lucknow, 420;
campaign in Oudh, and suppression of
the Mutiny, 421.

Coal and coal mining, 41; 619; history

of Bengal coal mining, 619, 620; coal
in the Central Provinces, 620, 621;
Ráníganj coal-fields, 621; outlying
coal-beds, 621, 622; future of Indian
coal, 622; geology of Indian coal-
fields, 636, 637.

Coalition of Vishnuism with Islám in
Kabir's teaching, 219.

Coasting trade of India and coast-shipping,
583-586.

Cobalt in Rajputána, 626.
Cobra di capello, The, 660.

Cochin, the Jesuit Collegiate city of the
16th century, 248-250; first establish-
ment of Portuguese factory at (1500
A.D.), 358.

Coffee cultivation, 502-504; its intro-
duction into India, 502; area under
cultivation, 502, 503; suitable sites for
gardens, 503; processes of preparation,
503, 504; exports of, 575.
Colebrooke's Essays, quoted, 191 (foot-
note 2).

Colleges and high schools, 476, 477.
Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients
in the Indian Ocean, by Dean Vincent,
quoted, 164 (footnote 1); 356 (foot-
note).

Commerce and Navigation of the Eryth
rean Sea, by Mr. J. M'Crindle, quoted,
166 (footnotes 1 and 2); 356 (footnote).
Commerce and trade, chap. xix. pp.
555-597. Ancient and medieval trade
of India, 555; function of modern
Indian trade, 555, 556; sea-borne trade
impossible under the Mughals, 556;
growth of trading and industrial cities
under British rule, 556, 557; summary
of Indian exports (1700-1885), 558;
India's balance of trade, 558, 559; the
Home charges, 559; India's yearly
trade savings, 559; the chief Indian
ports of export trade, 559, 560; early
Portuguese trade, 560; Dutch mono-