Aurangzeb, 305; establishment of English factory at (1620 A.D.), 367. Agra Canal, 29; 532, 533. Agricultural Relief Acts for Southern India, 449, 450.
Agricultural school at Sáidapet in Madras, 516.
Agricultural stock in India, 519-523; famous breeds of cattle and horses, 520, 521.
Agriculture and products, chap. xvii. PP. 482-544. Agriculture in India, the occupation of almost the entire population, 482, 483; various systems of agriculture, 483; rotation of crops, petite culture, 483, 484; statistics of rice cultivation in different Provinces, 484-486; hill cultivation, 486; wheat, 486; area under principal food-grains, 487; millets and minor cereals, 488, 489; pulses, 489; oil-seeds, 489; vegetables, fruits, and spices, 490; palms and sugar-cane, 491; cotton, 491-494; jute, 494, 495; indigo, 495-498; opium, 498, 499; tobacco, 499, 500; uncertainty of Indian crop statistics, 500; approximate area under certain principal crops, 501; special crops, coffee, 502-504; tea, 504-509; cinchona, 509-511; silk, 511-514; lac and lac-dye, 515; model farms, their small success, 515, 516; the problem of improved husbandry, 517; the im- pediments to better husbandry, namely, want of cattle, want of manure, and want of water, 517-519; agricultural stock, 519-523; forest conservancy and growth of the Indian Forest Depart- ment, 522; 524-527; nomadic cultiva- tion, 527, 528; irrigation and its function in India during famine, 528, 529; irrigation areas in the different Provinces, 529-538; irrigation statistics for British India, 538, 539; famines and their causes, 539, 540; summary of Indian famines, 541, 542; the great famine in Southern India (1876-78), 542-544.
Agriculture in India, small holdings, 62; absence of large commercial towns, 62. Ahams, tribe in Assam, formerly the ruling race in that Province, now a crushed tribe, 71; present descendants of, 188.
Ahi, the Vedic Demon of Drought, 81 and footnote. Ahmadnagar, Muhammadan Kingdom of Southern India (1490-1636 A.D.), 288. Ahmad Shah, Durání (1747-61 A.D.), 314, 315.
Ain-i-Akbari, or chronicles of Akbar, translated by Professor H. Blochmann,
272 (footnote); 291 (footnote 1); 295 (footnotes). Aix-la-Chapelle, Madras restored to the English by the treaty of (1748), 379. Ajmere, establishment of an English factory at (1614 A.D.), 366.
Akás, an aboriginal hill tribe in Assam, 57.
Akbar the Great, founder of the Mughal Empire (1556-1605 A.D.), 291-300; chief events of his reign, 291 (footnote); his work in India, 292, 293; concilia- tory policy towards the Hindus, 293; conquest of Rájput chiefs, and exten- sion and consolidation of the Mughal Empire, 293, 294; change of capital from Delhi to Agra, 294; his religious faith, 295; army, judicial, and police reforms, 296; his revenue survey and land settlement of India, 297, 298; revenues of the Mughal Empire under Akbar, 297-300.
Alabaster, Mr., The Wheel of the Law, quoted, 137 (footnote).
Ala-ud-dín, the second King of the Khilji dynasty (1295-1315 A.D.), 281; his invasion and conquest of Southern India, 281, 282; massacre of Mughal settlers, 282; Hindu revolts, 282. Albuquerque, second Viceroy of Portu- guese India (1509 A.D.), 359; his capture of Goa, and death there, 359; his policy towards the natives, 359, 360. Albuquerque, John de, first Bishop of Goa (1539-53 A.D.), 244.
Alexander the Great, his expedition to India, and campaigns in the Punjab and Sind (327-325 B.C.), 163-166. Alexandria, the modern Uchh in the Punjab, founded by Alexander, 166. Alfred the Great's Mission to India (883 A.D.), 239.
Ali Vardi Khan, Nawab of Bengal (1740-56); construction of the Maráthá
ditch around Calcutta as a protection
against the Maráthás, 381.
Aligarh, Defeat of the Maráthás at, by Lord Lake (1803), 398.
Alíwál, Battle of, in the first Sikh war, 4II.
Allahábád and Kora made over to the Mughal Emperor by Clive, 387 and footnote; their resumption by Hastings and sale to the Wazir of Oudh, 389, 390.
Almeida, Francisco de, first Viceroy of Portuguese India (1505 A.D.), 359. Alphabets of ancient India, 102, 103. Altamsh, the third monarch of the Slave dynasty (1211-36 A.D.), invasion by Mughals, 279. Ambála darbár, The, 425.
An or Aeng, Pass over the Arakan Yoma
Mountains in Burma, 6. Analysis of the Constitution of the East Intia Company, by P. Auber, quoted, 364, 365 (footnotes).
Analysis of Indian foreign import and export trade, principal staples, 565- 581.
Ancient India as described by Megas- thenes and Arrian, by Mr. J. M'Crin- dle, quoted, 168 (footnote 1), 356 (footnote).
Ancient land system of India, 438. Ancient mingling of castes, 195, 196. Andaman Islanders, The, 55; assassina- tion of Lord Mayo at Port Blair, 425. Anecdota Oxoniensia, Aryan series, 102 and footnote.
Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthán, by Colonel Tod, quoted, 180 (footnotes 1 and 3); 184 (footnote 2); 185 (foot- notes I and 3).
Antelope and deer, Varieties of, 657, 658.
Arab expeditions to Bombay and Sind (636-828 A.D.), 268.
Arakan Oil Company, 626, 627.
Arakan Yomas, range of hills in Burma, 3. Archaological Survey of Western India,
Mr. E. Thomas' Papers in, quoted, 147 (footnote); 172 (footnotes); 175 (foot- note 3); 182 (footnotes I and 4); 185 (footnote 4).
Architecture, ancient Indian, 112; 170; under the Mughal Emperors, 294, 304.
Arcot, capture and defence of, by Clive
(1751), 379; rival French and English nominees for the throne of, 379. Area, towns, villages, houses, population, etc., of British India, Appendix I., 689.
Argáum, Battle of, 323; 398. Armagaon, East India Company's fac- tory established at (1625-26 A.D.), 368.
Army of India, its constitution, 470, 471; the armies of the three Presidencies, 471; strength, 471; health and vital statistics, 675-684.
Art and architecture in ancient India, 112; 170, 171.
Arts and manufactures, 112, 113, also chap. xx. pp. 598-617. English com- petition with native art-work, 598;
native rural industries, 599; forti- fied weaving settlements of the East India Company, 599; cotton-weaving an indigenous industry in India, 599; its decline, but still a domestic industry supplying three-fifths of the Indian consumption, 600; cotton-weaving in different Provinces, 600, 601; special Indian cotton fabrics, 601-603; Indian silk-weaving in Burma, Assam, and Bengal, 602; classes of silk fabrics, 602, 603; steam silk factories, 603; embroidery, 603; Kashmir shawls, 603; leather work, 603; velvet work, 603; jewelled embroidery, 604; carpets and rugs, 604, 605; goldsmith's work and jewellery, 605, 606; precious stones, 606; iron work and cutlery, 606; chain armour and damascene work, 606, 607; brass, copper, and bell-metal work, 607, 608; pottery and tile work, 608; sculpture, 608; 609; wood carving, 609; inlaying and ivory carving, 609; European industries, cotton mills, 610-615; jute mills, 614-616; breweries, 616, 617; paper mills, 617; leather factories, 617.
Aryan and Turanian migrations from Central Asia, 174, 175; 130, 131. Aryan races of India, number in 1881, 51. Also chap. iv. pp. 75-131. The Aryan stock, its European and Eastern branches, 75; the Aryans in their pri- mitive home, 75, 76; European and Indian languages merely varieties of Aryan speech, 76; Indo-European words, 76; common origin of Euro- pean and Indian religions, 76; the Indo-Aryans on the march, and in their new settlements, 76, 77; the Rig-Veda, its supposed dates, 77; Vedic hymns, 78; caste and widow- burning unknown to the Rig-Veda, 78; Aryan civilisation in the Veda, 79; eastern spread of the Aryans, 79; the gods of the Veda, 79; Indra, the Cloud Compeller or rain-bringer, and Agni, the God of Fire, 80, 81; other Vedic gods, 81; the Bráhmanical triad, 81; blood-loving deities of Hinduism scarcely known in the Veda, 82; the Horse Sacrifice a substitution for Human Sacrifice, 82; Vedic conceptions of the Deity, 82; a Vedic hymn, 82, 83; primitive Aryan burial, 84; burn- ing of the dead, 84, 85; Vedic legend of Yama, the King of Death, 85; Vedic farewell to the dead, 85; Vedic conception of immortality, 86; Aryan advance towards the Jumna and Upper Ganges, 86; Aryan tribes organized into kingdoms, 87; origin of priestly
families, 87; growth of the priest- hood, 87, 88; the four Vedas, 88; the Brahmanas, 88, 89; the Sútras or sacred traditions, 89; formation of the Brahman caste, 89; growth of the warrior or Kshattriya caste, 89, 90; the cultivating caste (Vaisya), 90; the four Hindu castes, 90, 91; increase of Bráhman, Kshattriya, and Súdra castes, 91; decrease of Vaisyas, 91, 92; struggle between the priestly and warrior castes, 92; rising preten- sion of the Brahmans, 92; well-known prehistoric legends of Kshattriyas attain- ing Bráhmanhood, 92, 93; the Middle- land, the focus of Bráhmanisn, 93; Aryan tribes outside the Brahmanical pale, 93; establishment of Brahman supremacy, 94; four stages of a Brahman's life, 95; the Bráhman rule of life and its hereditary results on the caste, 96; work done by Brahmans for India, 97; Bráhman theology, 97 ; the post-Vedic gods, 97, 98; the Hindu triad, 98; Bráhman philosophy, its six darsanas or schools, 98, 99; summary of Bráhman religion, ICO; Brahman science, 100; Sanskrit gram- mar, 100, 101; Sanskrit and Prakrit speech, 101; Sanskrit manuscripts, 102; the Indian alphabets, 102, 103; Sans- krit writings almost entirely in verse, 103; prose, a forgotten art, 103, 104; Sanskrit dictionaries, 104; Brahman astronomy, 104-106; Bráhman mathe- matics, 106; Bráhman medicine, 106- 110; Indian surgery, 107, 108; Buddhist public hospitals, 108, 109; decline of Hindu medicine, 109; Eng- lish Medical Colleges, 108, 109; verna- cular medical publications, 110; Hindu art of war, 110; Indian music, 110- 112; Indian architecture, 112; Indian decorative art and painting, 112, 113; Brahman law, 113-118; code of Manu, 113, 114; code of Yajnavalkya, 114, 115; scope of Indian law, its rigid caste system, 115, 116; growth of Hindu law, 116; its incorporation of local customs, 117; perils of modern codi- fication, 117, 118; secular literature of the Hindus, 118-129; the Mahá- bhárata, 118-122; the Rámáyana, 122-125; age of the Sanskrit drama, 125, 126; Sakuntala and other Hindu dramas, 126, 127; the Hindu novel, 127; Beast stories, 127; Sanskrit lyric poetry, 128; the Puránas, 128, 129; Indian modern vernacular litera- ture, 129; intellectual and religious development of the early Aryans, 129, 130; the Bráhmans in Indian history, and attacks on Bráhmanism
from the 6th to the 19th century, 130, 131.
Aryan influences on the Dravidian races, 329, 330; the modern Aryan verna- culars of India, 334-355-
Asiatic non-Indian population of British India, Appendix VI., 694. Asoka, Buddhist King of Magadha or Behar (257 B.C.), 144-147; his Great Council (244 B.C.), 144; his Rock and Cave Edicts, 145 and footnote; his Department of Public Worship, 145; his missionary efforts and doc- trinal code, 145; character of the Rock Edicts, 146, 147 and footnote. Assam, unsuccessful invasion of, by Aurangzeb's general, Mír Jumlá, 309: expulsion of the Burmese from, and annexation of Assam to British terri- tories (1826), 404; yearly settlement of the land revenue, 445; frontier trade of, 588-590.
Assaye, Battle of, 323; 398. "Assisted" railways in India, 548. Astronomy, Bráhmanical system of, 104- 106; astronomy of the Vedas, 104: Greek influences on Indian astronomy, 105; decay of astronomical science under Muhammadan rule, 105; Rájá Jai Singh's observatories in the 18th century, 105, 106.
Aswamedha or Great Horse Sacrifice of ancient India, 82; connection of the
Horse Sacrifice with the Human Sacri- fice of pre-Buddhistic times, 175, 176. Atharva-Veda, The, 88.
Atrai, river of Bengal; its changes of course, 30.
Auber's Analysis of the Constitution of the East India Company, quoted, 364, 365 (footnotes).
Auckland, Lord, Governor-General of India (1836-42), 406-409; Afghán affairs and our early dealings with Kábul, 406, 407; Dost Muhammad, Afghán dynastic wars, 407; Russian influences in Afghánistán and the in- stallation of Shah Shujá and occupa- tion of Kábul by a British force, 407. 408; rising of the Afghán people, and massacre of the British army on its retreat to India, 408. Aurangzeb, sixth Mughal Emperor of India (1658-1707 A.D.), 305-312; his rebellion and usurpation of the throne, 305, 306; chief events of his reign, 306, 307 and footnote; murder of his brothers, 307; conquests in Southern India, 307; rise of the Maráthá power, 307, 308; Aurangzeb's Grand Army and twenty years' guerilla war with the Maráthás, 308, 309; his despair and death, 309; unsuccessful expedi-
tion to Assam, 309; his bigotry and persecution of the Hindus, 309; revolt of the Rajputs, 309, 310; revenues of the Empire, 310, 311; Aurangzeb's character, 312.
Australia, India's trade with, 578, 579. Avatars or Incarnations of Vishnu, 215, 216 (footnote 3).
Bábar, first Mughal Emperor of Delhi, (1526-30 A.D.), early life, defeat and overthrow of Ibráhím Lodi at Pánípat; conquest of Northern India, 290, 291.
Báhmani, Muhammadan dynasty in Southern India (1347-1525 A.D.), 287. Bairam Khán, regent of the Mughal Empire during the early years of Akbar's reign, 291, 292. Bájí Ráo, second Maratha Peshwa (1721-40 A.D.); his conquest of the Deccan and Málwá from the Mughals, and capture of Bassein from the Portu- guese, 320.
Bájí Ráo II., seventh and last Maráthá Peshwá (1795-1818), 323; second and third Maráthá wars, and annexation of the Peshwa's territories, 323, 324. Bálají Bájí Ráo, third Maráthá Peshwá (1740-61); his expeditions to Bengal and to the Punjab; defeat of, by Ahmad Shah Durání at the third battle of Panipat, 320, 321. Bálají Viswanath, first Maráthá Peshwá (1718-20), extorts chauth from the Delhi Emperor for the Deccan, 320. Balance-sheet of British India, 465, 466. Balance of trade (India's), 558, 559; Sir
R. Temple's Minute on, 581-583. Balasor, East India Company's factory founded at (1642 A.D.), 369. Balban, the last King but one of the
Slave dynasty (1265-87 A.D.); his cruelties to the Hindus; Rájput revolts and Mughal inroads; his fifteen royal pensioners, 280. Ballantyne, Dr., The Sánkhya Aphorisms of Kapila, quoted, 154 (footnote 1). Bánkipur, old settlement of the Ostend East India Company on the Húgli between Calcutta and Chinsurah; its destruction by the Muhammadans (1753), 374.
Bantam, a Presidency of the East India Company in Java, 368, 369. Baptist Mission of Carey, Marshman, and Ward at Serampur, 260. Barák river, Steam Navigation on, 552. Barákhar coal seams, 637. Bari Doab Canal, 29; 532, 533.
Barid Sháhí, Muhammadan dynasty of Southern India (1492-1657 A.D.), 288. Barlaam and Josaphat (Saints). Legend of, and its analogies with that of Buddha, 151, 152.
Barlow, Sir George, ad interim Gover- nor General (1805-07); Mutiny of Vellore, 399.
Baroda, Maráthá State of Western India, 322, 323; deposition of the late Gáek- wár for an attempt to poison the British Resident at his Court, 323; 426. Bartholomew the Apostle, his preachings in India certified by Pantænus the Alexandrian (2nd century A.D.), 235; conversion of India proper ascribed to St. Bartholomew, and of Persia and Central Asia to St. Thomas, according to Hippolytus (220 A.D.), 235. Barth's Religions of India, quoted, 161 (footnote 2); and his Revue de l'His- toire des Religions, quoted, 161 (foot- note 2).
Bassein, capture of, from the Portuguese by the Maráthás, 320; treaty of, at the conclusion of the second Maráthá war, 323.
Baxar, defeat of the Mughal and Oudh armies at, by Major Munro, 386. Beal, Samuel, Si-yu-ki, or Buddhist Re- cord of the Western World, translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang, quoted, 2 (footnote); 137 (footnote 2); 154, 155 (footnote 3); 155 (footnote 2); 175 (footnote 1); Catena of Bud- dhist Scriptures from the Chinese, 142 (footnotes); 147 (footnote 2); 151 (footnote 1); 157 (footnote 2); 204 (footnote 2).
Beames, Mr. John, Comparative Gram- mar of the Modern Aryan Languages of India, 67 (footnote); 103 (footnote); 335 and footnote; 337 (footnote 2); 339 and footnote.
Bears, Species in India of, 655.
Beast stories and fables, 127; beast hospitals, 201.
Bediyás, a semi-Hinduized gipsy clan of Lower Bengal, 71.
Bells, manufacture of, 607.
Benfey, Professor, article 'Indien' (pub- lished in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclo- pudie), quoted, 110 (footnote 2). Bengal, early English settlements in, 368-385; first permission to trade (1634 A.D.), 368; factories at Húgli, Balasor, and Kásimbázár, 369, 370; Bengal separated from Madras, 370; English in Bengal and their early factories, 380; native rulers of Bengal (1707-56), Murshid Kuli Khán, Ali Vardi Khán, and Siráj-ud-daulá, 38o, 381; capture of Calcutta, the 'Black
Hole,' and battle of Plassey, 381, 382; Mir Jafar (1757-60), 383; 385; Permanent Settlement of (1793), 441-445. Bengali literature and authors, 346-354; geographical area and linguistic feat- ures of the Bengali language, 347; Sanskritizing tendency of Bengalí, 347; the three periods of Bengali litera- ture, 347, 348; court poets of Bengal in the 14th and 15th centuries, 348; Vishnuite and Sivaite religious poetry, 349, 350; Makunda Rám and the stories of Kálketu, and the Srimanta Sadágar, 350, 351; Kási Rám Das, the translator of the Mahábhárata, 351; Rám Prasad, court poet of Nadiya in the 18th century, 352; Bengali prose in the 19th century, and modern Ben- gali poets and authors, 353, 354- Bentinck, Lord William, Governor-
General of India (1828-35), 404-406; his financial reforms, abolition of Sati, suppression of Thagi, 405; the renewal of the Company's Charter, 405, 406; Mysore taken under British adminis- tration, and Coorg annexed, 406. Berars handed over to the British by the Nizám as a territorial guarantee for his arrears of subsidy and for the pay of the Haidarábád contingent, 415. Beschi, Père, Jesuit missionary and scholar, 245; 253; 333-
Betwá Canal, a famine insurance work, 533.
Bhagirathi, the name of the source and head-waters of the Ganges, 16. Bhakta-Mála, the Hindu Acta Sanc- torum, 208.
Bharat Chandra Rái, famous Bengali
poet of the 18th century, 352. Bhars, an aboriginal and formerly domi- nant race in Oudh, now a crushed tribe, 71; 187; present descendants of, 187.
Bhartpur, repulse of Lord Lake before, 398; capture of, by Lord Comber-
Bidari work, damascening of silver on bronze, 607.
Bidyápatí Thákur, Court poet of Tirhut in the 14th century, 348.
Bigandet, Bishop, Life or Legend of Gaudama, quoted, 137 (footnote); 160 (footnote 3).
Bihárí Lál, Hindi poet of the 17th century, and composer of the Satsai, 345.
Bijapur, Muhammadan Kingdom of Southern India (1489-1688 A.D.), 288. Biliapatam, East India Company's factory started at (1661 A.D.), 370.
Bird, Miss, Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, quoted, 152 (footnote 3); 202 (fool- note 1); 224 (footnote 3). Birds of prey, 659.
Birdwood, Sir G., Handbook to the British Indian Section of the Paris Exhibition of 1878, quoted, 163 (footnote 2); Report on the Miscellaneous Old Re- cords in the India Office, quoted, 359 (footnote 2); 360; 364 (footnotes I and 2); 368 (footnote); 370 (footnote). Bison, The Indian, 658.
Black Hole, The tragedy of the, at Cal- cutta (1756), 381.
Black-Skins or non-Aryans, described by the Aryans, 53, 54.
Blochmann, Professor H., translation of the Ain-i-Akbari, 272 (footnote); 291 (footnote 1); 295 (footnotes). Boats, Bridges of, 551.
Bolán, mountain pass over the Brahui
hills, between Sind and Afghánistán, 6. Bombay, ceded to the East India Company (1661 A.D.), 370; made a Presidency (1684-87), 370; the main centre of Indian foreign trade, 560.
Book-binding and illumination, 112, 113. Bore, The, or tidal wave in the Hugli and Meghná, 30, 31.
Boronga Oil-refining Company in Akyab, 627. Boscawen, Admiral, his ineffectual siege of Pondicherri (1748), 379. Botany of India, 662-664. Boundaries of India, 3, 4.
Brahma, the Creator, the first person in the Hindu triad, 98.
Brahman founders of Hinduism, 207. Brahmanas, sacred Sanskrit writings ex- planatory of the sacrifices and duties of the priests, etc., 88, 89. Brahmanical castes, north and south of the Vindhyas, 193, 194 and footnote. Bráhmans, the priestly caste of ancient India, 87-100; origin of priestly families, 87; growth of the priesthood, 87, 88; the Brahman caste fully formed, 89, 90; struggle between the priestly and warrior castes, and ultimate
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