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Aurangzeb, 305; establishment of
English factory at (1620 A.D.), 367.
Agra Canal, 29; 532, 533.
Agricultural Relief Acts for Southern
India, 449, 450.

Agricultural school at Sáidapet in Madras,
516.

Agricultural stock in India, 519-523;
famous breeds of cattle and horses,
520, 521.

Agriculture and products, chap. xvii.
PP. 482-544. Agriculture in India,
the occupation of almost the entire
population, 482, 483; various systems
of agriculture, 483; rotation of crops,
petite culture, 483, 484; statistics of
rice cultivation in different Provinces,
484-486; hill cultivation, 486; wheat,
486; area under principal food-grains,
487; millets and minor cereals, 488,
489; pulses, 489; oil-seeds, 489;
vegetables, fruits, and spices, 490;
palms and sugar-cane, 491; cotton,
491-494; jute, 494, 495; indigo,
495-498; opium, 498, 499; tobacco,
499, 500; uncertainty of Indian crop
statistics, 500; approximate area under
certain principal crops, 501; special
crops, coffee, 502-504; tea, 504-509;
cinchona, 509-511; silk, 511-514; lac
and lac-dye, 515; model farms, their
small success, 515, 516; the problem
of improved husbandry, 517; the im-
pediments to better husbandry, namely,
want of cattle, want of manure, and
want of water, 517-519; agricultural
stock, 519-523; forest conservancy and
growth of the Indian Forest Depart-
ment, 522; 524-527; nomadic cultiva-
tion, 527, 528; irrigation and its
function in India during famine, 528,
529; irrigation areas in the different
Provinces, 529-538; irrigation statistics
for British India, 538, 539; famines
and their causes, 539, 540; summary
of Indian famines, 541, 542; the great
famine in Southern India (1876-78),
542-544.

Agriculture in India, small holdings, 62;
absence of large commercial towns,
62.
Ahams, tribe in Assam, formerly the
ruling race in that Province, now a
crushed tribe, 71; present descendants
of, 188.

Ahi, the Vedic Demon of Drought, 81
and footnote.
Ahmadnagar, Muhammadan Kingdom of
Southern India (1490-1636 A.D.), 288.
Ahmad Shah, Durání (1747-61 A.D.),
314, 315.

Ain-i-Akbari, or chronicles of Akbar,
translated by Professor H. Blochmann,

272 (footnote); 291 (footnote 1); 295
(footnotes).
Aix-la-Chapelle, Madras restored to the
English by the treaty of (1748), 379.
Ajmere, establishment of an English
factory at (1614 A.D.), 366.

Akás, an aboriginal hill tribe in Assam,
57.

Akbar the Great, founder of the Mughal
Empire (1556-1605 A.D.), 291-300;
chief events of his reign, 291 (footnote);
his work in India, 292, 293; concilia-
tory policy towards the Hindus, 293;
conquest of Rájput chiefs, and exten-
sion and consolidation of the Mughal
Empire, 293, 294; change of capital
from Delhi to Agra, 294; his religious
faith, 295; army, judicial, and police
reforms, 296; his revenue survey and
land settlement of India, 297, 298;
revenues of the Mughal Empire under
Akbar, 297-300.

Alabaster, Mr., The Wheel of the Law,
quoted, 137 (footnote).

Ala-ud-dín, the second King of the Khilji
dynasty (1295-1315 A.D.), 281; his
invasion and conquest of Southern
India, 281, 282; massacre of Mughal
settlers, 282; Hindu revolts, 282.
Albuquerque, second Viceroy of Portu-
guese India (1509 A.D.), 359; his
capture of Goa, and death there, 359;
his policy towards the natives, 359,
360.
Albuquerque, John de, first Bishop of
Goa (1539-53 A.D.), 244.

Alexander the Great, his expedition to
India, and campaigns in the Punjab
and Sind (327-325 B.C.), 163-166.
Alexandria, the modern Uchh in the
Punjab, founded by Alexander, 166.
Alfred the Great's Mission to India
(883 A.D.), 239.

Ali Vardi Khan, Nawab of Bengal
(1740-56); construction of the Maráthá

ditch around Calcutta as a protection

against the Maráthás, 381.

Aligarh, Defeat of the Maráthás at, by
Lord Lake (1803), 398.

Alíwál, Battle of, in the first Sikh war,
4II.

Allahábád and Kora made over to the
Mughal Emperor by Clive, 387 and
footnote; their resumption by Hastings
and sale to the Wazir of Oudh, 389,
390.

Almeida, Francisco de, first Viceroy of
Portuguese India (1505 A.D.), 359.
Alphabets of ancient India, 102, 103.
Altamsh, the third monarch of the Slave
dynasty (1211-36 A.D.), invasion by
Mughals, 279.
Ambála darbár, The, 425.

INDEX.

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An or Aeng, Pass over the Arakan Yoma

Mountains in Burma, 6.
Analysis of the Constitution of the East
Intia Company, by P. Auber, quoted,
364, 365 (footnotes).

Analysis of Indian foreign import and
export trade, principal staples, 565-
581.

Ancient India as described by Megas-
thenes and Arrian, by Mr. J. M'Crin-
dle, quoted, 168 (footnote 1), 356
(footnote).

Ancient land system of India, 438.
Ancient mingling of castes, 195, 196.
Andaman Islanders, The, 55; assassina-
tion of Lord Mayo at Port Blair, 425.
Anecdota Oxoniensia, Aryan series, 102
and footnote.

Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthán, by
Colonel Tod, quoted, 180 (footnotes
1 and 3); 184 (footnote 2); 185 (foot-
notes I and 3).

Antelope and deer, Varieties of, 657,
658.

Antimony, 626.

Arab expeditions to Bombay and Sind
(636-828 A.D.), 268.

Arakan Oil Company, 626, 627.

Arakan Yomas, range of hills in Burma, 3.
Archaological Survey of Western India,

Mr. E. Thomas' Papers in, quoted, 147
(footnote); 172 (footnotes); 175 (foot-
note 3); 182 (footnotes I and 4); 185
(footnote 4).

Architecture, ancient Indian, 112; 170;
under the Mughal Emperors, 294,
304.

Arcot, capture and defence of, by Clive

(1751), 379; rival French and English
nominees for the throne of, 379.
Area, towns, villages, houses, population,
etc., of British India, Appendix I.,
689.

Argáum, Battle of, 323; 398.
Armagaon, East India Company's fac-
tory established at (1625-26 A.D.),
368.

Army of India, its constitution, 470, 471;
the armies of the three Presidencies,
471; strength, 471; health and vital
statistics, 675-684.

Art and architecture in ancient India,
112; 170, 171.

Arts and manufactures, 112, 113, also
chap. xx. pp. 598-617. English com-
petition with native art-work, 598;

707

native rural industries, 599; forti-
fied weaving settlements of the East
India Company, 599; cotton-weaving
an indigenous industry in India, 599;
its decline, but still a domestic industry
supplying three-fifths of the Indian
consumption, 600; cotton-weaving in
different Provinces, 600, 601; special
Indian cotton fabrics, 601-603; Indian
silk-weaving in Burma, Assam, and
Bengal, 602; classes of silk fabrics,
602, 603; steam silk factories, 603;
embroidery, 603; Kashmir shawls,
603; leather work, 603; velvet work,
603; jewelled embroidery, 604; carpets
and rugs, 604, 605; goldsmith's work
and jewellery, 605, 606; precious
stones, 606; iron work and cutlery,
606; chain armour and damascene
work, 606, 607; brass, copper, and
bell-metal work, 607, 608; pottery
and tile work, 608; sculpture, 608;
609; wood carving, 609; inlaying
and ivory carving, 609; European
industries, cotton mills, 610-615; jute
mills, 614-616; breweries, 616, 617;
paper mills, 617; leather factories,
617.

Aryan and Turanian migrations from
Central Asia, 174, 175; 130, 131.
Aryan races of India, number in 1881,
51. Also chap. iv. pp. 75-131. The
Aryan stock, its European and Eastern
branches, 75; the Aryans in their pri-
mitive home, 75, 76; European and
Indian languages merely varieties
of Aryan speech, 76; Indo-European
words, 76; common origin of Euro-
pean and Indian religions, 76; the
Indo-Aryans on the march, and in
their new settlements, 76, 77; the
Rig-Veda, its supposed dates, 77;
Vedic hymns, 78; caste and widow-
burning unknown to the Rig-Veda,
78; Aryan civilisation in the Veda, 79;
eastern spread of the Aryans, 79; the
gods of the Veda, 79; Indra, the Cloud
Compeller or rain-bringer, and Agni,
the God of Fire, 80, 81; other Vedic
gods, 81; the Bráhmanical triad, 81;
blood-loving deities of Hinduism
scarcely known in the Veda, 82; the
Horse Sacrifice a substitution for
Human Sacrifice, 82; Vedic conceptions
of the Deity, 82; a Vedic hymn, 82,
83; primitive Aryan burial, 84; burn-
ing of the dead, 84, 85; Vedic legend
of Yama, the King of Death, 85;
Vedic farewell to the dead, 85; Vedic
conception of immortality, 86; Aryan
advance towards the Jumna and Upper
Ganges, 86; Aryan tribes organized
into kingdoms, 87; origin of priestly

families, 87; growth of the priest-
hood, 87, 88; the four Vedas, 88; the
Brahmanas, 88, 89; the Sútras or
sacred traditions, 89; formation
of the Brahman caste, 89; growth
of the warrior or Kshattriya caste,
89, 90; the cultivating caste (Vaisya),
90; the four Hindu castes, 90, 91;
increase of Bráhman, Kshattriya, and
Súdra castes, 91; decrease of Vaisyas,
91, 92; struggle between the priestly
and warrior castes, 92; rising preten-
sion of the Brahmans, 92; well-known
prehistoric legends of Kshattriyas attain-
ing Bráhmanhood, 92, 93; the Middle-
land, the focus of Bráhmanisn, 93;
Aryan tribes outside the Brahmanical
pale, 93; establishment of Brahman
supremacy, 94; four stages of a
Brahman's life, 95; the Bráhman rule
of life and its hereditary results on
the caste, 96; work done by Brahmans
for India, 97; Bráhman theology, 97 ;
the post-Vedic gods, 97, 98; the
Hindu triad, 98; Bráhman philosophy,
its six darsanas or schools, 98, 99;
summary of Bráhman religion, ICO;
Brahman science, 100; Sanskrit gram-
mar, 100, 101; Sanskrit and Prakrit
speech, 101; Sanskrit manuscripts, 102;
the Indian alphabets, 102, 103; Sans-
krit writings almost entirely in verse,
103; prose, a forgotten art, 103, 104;
Sanskrit dictionaries, 104; Brahman
astronomy, 104-106; Bráhman mathe-
matics, 106; Bráhman medicine, 106-
110; Indian surgery, 107, 108;
Buddhist public hospitals, 108, 109;
decline of Hindu medicine, 109; Eng-
lish Medical Colleges, 108, 109; verna-
cular medical publications, 110; Hindu
art of war, 110; Indian music, 110-
112; Indian architecture, 112; Indian
decorative art and painting, 112, 113;
Brahman law, 113-118; code of Manu,
113, 114; code of Yajnavalkya, 114,
115; scope of Indian law, its rigid caste
system, 115, 116; growth of Hindu
law, 116; its incorporation of local
customs, 117; perils of modern codi-
fication, 117, 118; secular literature
of the Hindus, 118-129; the Mahá-
bhárata, 118-122; the Rámáyana,
122-125; age of the Sanskrit drama,
125, 126; Sakuntala and other Hindu
dramas, 126, 127; the Hindu novel,
127; Beast stories, 127; Sanskrit
lyric poetry, 128; the Puránas, 128,
129; Indian modern vernacular litera-
ture, 129; intellectual and religious
development of the early Aryans,
129, 130; the Bráhmans in Indian
history, and attacks on Bráhmanism

from the 6th to the 19th century, 130,
131.

Aryan influences on the Dravidian races,
329, 330; the modern Aryan verna-
culars of India, 334-355-

Asiatic non-Indian population of British
India, Appendix VI., 694.
Asoka, Buddhist King of Magadha or
Behar (257 B.C.), 144-147; his Great
Council (244 B.C.), 144; his Rock
and Cave Edicts, 145 and footnote;
his Department of Public Worship,
145; his missionary efforts and doc-
trinal code, 145; character of the Rock
Edicts, 146, 147 and footnote.
Assam, unsuccessful invasion of, by
Aurangzeb's general, Mír Jumlá, 309:
expulsion of the Burmese from, and
annexation of Assam to British terri-
tories (1826), 404; yearly settlement
of the land revenue, 445; frontier
trade of, 588-590.

Assaye, Battle of, 323; 398.
"Assisted" railways in India, 548.
Astronomy, Bráhmanical system of, 104-
106; astronomy of the Vedas, 104:
Greek influences on Indian astronomy,
105; decay of astronomical science
under Muhammadan rule, 105; Rájá
Jai Singh's observatories in the 18th
century, 105, 106.

Aswamedha or Great Horse Sacrifice of
ancient India, 82; connection of the

Horse Sacrifice with the Human Sacri-
fice of pre-Buddhistic times, 175, 176.
Atharva-Veda, The, 88.

Atrai, river of Bengal; its changes of
course, 30.

Auber's Analysis of the Constitution of
the East India Company, quoted, 364,
365 (footnotes).

Auckland, Lord, Governor-General of
India (1836-42), 406-409; Afghán
affairs and our early dealings with
Kábul, 406, 407; Dost Muhammad,
Afghán dynastic wars, 407; Russian
influences in Afghánistán and the in-
stallation of Shah Shujá and occupa-
tion of Kábul by a British force, 407.
408; rising of the Afghán people, and
massacre of the British army on its
retreat to India, 408.
Aurangzeb, sixth Mughal Emperor of
India (1658-1707 A.D.), 305-312; his
rebellion and usurpation of the throne,
305, 306; chief events of his reign,
306, 307 and footnote; murder of his
brothers, 307; conquests in Southern
India, 307; rise of the Maráthá power,
307, 308; Aurangzeb's Grand Army
and twenty years' guerilla war with
the Maráthás, 308, 309; his despair
and death, 309; unsuccessful expedi-

INDEX.

tion to Assam, 309; his bigotry and
persecution of the Hindus, 309; revolt
of the Rajputs, 309, 310; revenues
of the Empire, 310, 311; Aurangzeb's
character, 312.

Australia, India's trade with, 578, 579.
Avatars or Incarnations of Vishnu, 215,
216 (footnote 3).

B

Bábar, first Mughal Emperor of Delhi,
(1526-30 A.D.), early life, defeat
and overthrow of Ibráhím Lodi at
Pánípat; conquest of Northern India,
290, 291.

Báhmani, Muhammadan dynasty in
Southern India (1347-1525 A.D.), 287.
Bairam Khán, regent of the Mughal
Empire during the early years of
Akbar's reign, 291, 292.
Bájí Ráo, second Maratha Peshwa
(1721-40 A.D.); his conquest of the
Deccan and Málwá from the Mughals,
and capture of Bassein from the Portu-
guese, 320.

Bájí Ráo II., seventh and last Maráthá
Peshwá (1795-1818), 323; second and
third Maráthá wars, and annexation
of the Peshwa's territories, 323, 324.
Bálají Bájí Ráo, third Maráthá Peshwá
(1740-61); his expeditions to Bengal
and to the Punjab; defeat of, by
Ahmad Shah Durání at the third battle
of Panipat, 320, 321.
Bálají Viswanath, first Maráthá Peshwá
(1718-20), extorts chauth from the
Delhi Emperor for the Deccan, 320.
Balance-sheet of British India, 465, 466.
Balance of trade (India's), 558, 559; Sir

R. Temple's Minute on, 581-583.
Balasor, East India Company's factory
founded at (1642 A.D.), 369.
Balban, the last King but one of the

Slave dynasty (1265-87 A.D.); his
cruelties to the Hindus; Rájput revolts
and Mughal inroads; his fifteen royal
pensioners, 280.
Ballantyne, Dr., The Sánkhya Aphorisms
of Kapila, quoted, 154 (footnote 1).
Bánkipur, old settlement of the Ostend
East India Company on the Húgli
between Calcutta and Chinsurah; its
destruction by the Muhammadans
(1753), 374.

Bantam, a Presidency of the East India
Company in Java, 368, 369.
Baptist Mission of Carey, Marshman, and
Ward at Serampur, 260.
Barák river, Steam Navigation on, 552.
Barákhar coal seams, 637.
Bari Doab Canal, 29; 532, 533.

709

Barid Sháhí, Muhammadan dynasty of
Southern India (1492-1657 A.D.), 288.
Barlaam and Josaphat (Saints). Legend
of, and its analogies with that of
Buddha, 151, 152.

Barlow, Sir George, ad interim Gover-
nor General (1805-07); Mutiny of
Vellore, 399.

Baroda, Maráthá State of Western India,
322, 323; deposition of the late Gáek-
wár for an attempt to poison the British
Resident at his Court, 323; 426.
Bartholomew the Apostle, his preachings
in India certified by Pantænus the
Alexandrian (2nd century A.D.), 235;
conversion of India proper ascribed to
St. Bartholomew, and of Persia and
Central Asia to St. Thomas, according
to Hippolytus (220 A.D.), 235.
Barth's Religions of India, quoted, 161
(footnote 2); and his Revue de l'His-
toire des Religions, quoted, 161 (foot-
note 2).

Bassein, capture of, from the Portuguese
by the Maráthás, 320; treaty of, at
the conclusion of the second Maráthá
war, 323.

Baxar, defeat of the Mughal and Oudh
armies at, by Major Munro, 386.
Beal, Samuel, Si-yu-ki, or Buddhist Re-
cord of the Western World, translated
from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang,
quoted, 2 (footnote); 137 (footnote 2);
154, 155 (footnote 3); 155 (footnote
2); 175 (footnote 1); Catena of Bud-
dhist Scriptures from the Chinese, 142
(footnotes); 147 (footnote 2); 151
(footnote 1); 157 (footnote 2); 204
(footnote 2).

Beames, Mr. John, Comparative Gram-
mar of the Modern Aryan Languages
of India, 67 (footnote); 103 (footnote);
335 and footnote; 337 (footnote 2);
339 and footnote.

Bears, Species in India of, 655.

Beast stories and fables, 127; beast
hospitals, 201.

Bediyás, a semi-Hinduized gipsy clan of
Lower Bengal, 71.

Bells, manufacture of, 607.

Benfey, Professor, article 'Indien' (pub-
lished in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclo-
pudie), quoted, 110 (footnote 2).
Bengal, early English settlements in,
368-385; first permission to trade
(1634 A.D.), 368; factories at Húgli,
Balasor, and Kásimbázár, 369, 370;
Bengal separated from Madras, 370;
English in Bengal and their early
factories, 380; native rulers of Bengal
(1707-56), Murshid Kuli Khán, Ali
Vardi Khán, and Siráj-ud-daulá, 38o,
381; capture of Calcutta, the 'Black

Hole,' and battle of Plassey, 381,
382; Mir Jafar (1757-60), 383; 385;
Permanent Settlement of (1793),
441-445.
Bengali literature and authors, 346-354;
geographical area and linguistic feat-
ures of the Bengali language, 347;
Sanskritizing tendency of Bengalí, 347;
the three periods of Bengali litera-
ture, 347, 348; court poets of Bengal
in the 14th and 15th centuries, 348;
Vishnuite and Sivaite religious poetry,
349, 350; Makunda Rám and the
stories of Kálketu, and the Srimanta
Sadágar, 350, 351; Kási Rám Das,
the translator of the Mahábhárata, 351;
Rám Prasad, court poet of Nadiya in
the 18th century, 352; Bengali prose
in the 19th century, and modern Ben-
gali poets and authors, 353, 354-
Bentinck, Lord William, Governor-

General of India (1828-35), 404-406;
his financial reforms, abolition of Sati,
suppression of Thagi, 405; the renewal
of the Company's Charter, 405, 406;
Mysore taken under British adminis-
tration, and Coorg annexed, 406.
Berars handed over to the British by the
Nizám as a territorial guarantee for his
arrears of subsidy and for the pay of
the Haidarábád contingent, 415.
Beschi, Père, Jesuit missionary and
scholar, 245; 253; 333-

Betwá Canal, a famine insurance work,
533.

Bhagirathi, the name of the source and
head-waters of the Ganges, 16.
Bhakta-Mála, the Hindu Acta Sanc-
torum, 208.

Bharat Chandra Rái, famous Bengali

poet of the 18th century, 352.
Bhars, an aboriginal and formerly domi-
nant race in Oudh, now a crushed
tribe, 71; 187; present descendants
of, 187.

Bhartpur, repulse of Lord Lake before,
398; capture of, by Lord Comber-

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Bidari work, damascening of silver on
bronze, 607.

Bidyápatí Thákur, Court poet of Tirhut
in the 14th century, 348.

Bigandet, Bishop, Life or Legend of
Gaudama, quoted, 137 (footnote); 160
(footnote 3).

Bihárí Lál, Hindi poet of the 17th
century, and composer of the Satsai,
345.

Bijapur, Muhammadan Kingdom of
Southern India (1489-1688 A.D.), 288.
Biliapatam, East India Company's factory
started at (1661 A.D.), 370.

Bird, Miss, Unbeaten Tracks in Japan,
quoted, 152 (footnote 3); 202 (fool-
note 1); 224 (footnote 3).
Birds of prey, 659.

Birdwood, Sir G., Handbook to the British
Indian Section of the Paris Exhibition
of 1878, quoted, 163 (footnote 2);
Report on the Miscellaneous Old Re-
cords in the India Office, quoted, 359
(footnote 2); 360; 364 (footnotes I
and 2); 368 (footnote); 370 (footnote).
Bison, The Indian, 658.

Black Hole, The tragedy of the, at Cal-
cutta (1756), 381.

Black-Skins or non-Aryans, described by
the Aryans, 53, 54.

Blochmann, Professor H., translation of
the Ain-i-Akbari, 272 (footnote); 291
(footnote 1); 295 (footnotes).
Boats, Bridges of, 551.

Bolán, mountain pass over the Brahui

hills, between Sind and Afghánistán, 6.
Bombay, ceded to the East India Company
(1661 A.D.), 370; made a Presidency
(1684-87), 370; the main centre of
Indian foreign trade, 560.

Book-binding and illumination, 112, 113.
Bore, The, or tidal wave in the Hugli
and Meghná, 30, 31.

Boronga Oil-refining Company in Akyab,
627.
Boscawen, Admiral, his ineffectual siege
of Pondicherri (1748), 379.
Botany of India, 662-664.
Boundaries of India, 3, 4.

Brahma, the Creator, the first person in
the Hindu triad, 98.

Brahman founders of Hinduism, 207.
Brahmanas, sacred Sanskrit writings ex-
planatory of the sacrifices and duties of
the priests, etc., 88, 89.
Brahmanical castes, north and south of
the Vindhyas, 193, 194 and footnote.
Bráhmans, the priestly caste of ancient
India, 87-100; origin of priestly
families, 87; growth of the priesthood,
87, 88; the Brahman caste fully
formed, 89, 90; struggle between the
priestly and warrior castes, and ultimate

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