The plural sign, kwé in Circassian, myé or kamyé in Gyárúng, is in both languages alike "the beginning and end of declension." The following list of Circassian and Gyárúng pronouns may facilitate the reader's apprehension. Ka is the prefix, appended as usual. I have already remarked that the Gyárún tongue is distinguished among its allies by its extensive employment of this class of particles. The Burmese tongue makes less use of them, and in its mya, much, many, we have the Gyarúng plural sign, myé, or ka-myé. The Suanic maré and Georgian k'mart for man, afford precise Caucasian equivalent quoad the servile ka, showing it to be dropped or retained according to circumstances or to dialects in Caucasus. ↑ Ab, father-pé, father, less the prefix. Mi in Tibetan Mi in Murmi Mi in Moitai Mhi in Gúrúng Ka-mi in Kámi Mi-jang in Newar I. Sa in Circassian Sa in Tagalan Sa in Malay Sú-m in Vayu I.-Má in Osetic Má in Mingrelian Mi in Mongol Mi in Mantchu 1.-J6-8 in Armenian Ji in Newári vJa in Horpa This and all the following mean man. It is remarkable how far the pronominal sense of mi prevails in Caucasus, and the nominal in the regions east of it. But they run into each other, and the root very generally is further employed to designate tribes from Caucasus to Indo-China, as mi-shi-mi, from the mi and shi roots, mú-r-mi, from the mu and mi roots, &c., &c. Tribe names derived from name of species-a very extensively diffused principle. The etymology of Burma or the Burmese is thus recovered. See Supplement. Mi, the species; jang and sa sexual adjuncts. Jang = mas. Sa = fem. Means girl. Ya, differential servile with refer ence to the various senses of the mi root.* Means woman. Root mi. Ma is a feminine and maternal sign. Means girl. See note in sequel. S'mé means girl, like sa-mi and sé-me. The sa particle in various phases, added to mi root. The basis of all these tongues from Caucasus to Oceanica is a small number of mone. syllabic roots bearing necessarily many senses. Hence to distinguish between those several Penses is the chief function of the servile adjuncts of the roots. In this language, for example, the root wa means come, tooth, rice, rain, throw, and be. I.-A'-z, A-s in Osetic An-ka in Kiránti A-ku, A' in Malay Ká in Dhimáli Thou. She-n in Georgian He.-Ná in Armenian Ná in Chinese Ná in Malay No in Anam A' is the root throughout, za, sa, ka, ku, being serviles, though some of them, as ka, frequently take the place of the root. Sí, shi; sé, shé; sá, shá, sú, are the several phases of the root, or cycle of customary variation, just as in the nouns. See remarks on "kha" voce dog. The plural, Ye. He.-I' in Circassian I' in Mantchu I' in Burmese I' in Dhekra I' in Malay and Tagala Ile. Ta in Circassian Thú in Burmese He.-I'-s in Georgian I-ti-na in Mingrelian Deduced from i-ti, i-tu, &c. In composition as conjunct prefix or suffix or as disjunct, eg., t-ap, his father; apa-t, his father; handa-ta-r, he went. See Rosen, Phillips, and Driberg. With regard to the transposed pronoun, see note voce fire. The law of transposition is so important that I add the following samples to show that even where the actual practice has ceased, analogy supports its quondam use. Mean this, this very one, this one here. Iste qui. Means here. Means here and there.* Ille qui. Khá is the aspirate, and ka-ka the reduplicate state of the root. K final is an articular servile, as in talak, bik, &c., &c. For nam compare nam-sin. It is frequently omitted. Khá is the place, metaphorically sky or heaven. Rang is an emphatic servile, for which see supplement to this paper. (La, root. Ta, the common prefix, and k, the The nude root whereof the phases are lá, lé, li. Valuable illustrations of the system of serviles, the root being palpable. Its general sense is air, sky, by metaphor. For k' prefix of kli, see k'mari. Zhí, só, zá, are three conjunct suffix forms of the sá particle which is seen in manyak in its separate unaltered form as a prefix. Here it is altered, Ist, by dropping its own harmonised vowel (see zhi, infra), 2d, by ab. sorbing the vowel of the root. Din, den, for di-ni, day, and smé for sémé, girl, are parallel instances of change as of transposi tion are mi-sa and sa-mi,t voce man. See note below; and that on the ma particle, voce "day." These are introduced to show the servile particle of mizh, mza, and to show it superBeding the root, as in fa for ma, here, and in ba for sa, voce cow, and in di for bi, voce skin. It is because the third personal is so perpetually identical with the demonstratives, of which the direct and exclusive principle is contrast, that the same elements come to express the contrasts of place and time and manner (here there; now then: as, so). He who would trace the remoter affinities of race, must treat languages in this thoughtful manner. NUTE. The mi-sa, sa-mi, sample of transposition of the sa particle, cited above to match the me-se, Georgian, sa-me, Manyak, sample here compared with it, is from my Tibeto-Himélayan vocabularies; thus in full, mi-sa, woman, in Newári, m-mi, girl, in Burmese and Khyeng, and ame, in Horpa, root mi, me, mankind, and sa, a feminine and diminutive sign. In short, the sa particle, like all others, may be prefix or suffix, and separate or blended. Hence mee, Georgian aa-me, Manyak. With regard to the suffixed shi, zi, or za, clearly = sa, it would seem as if mi were the sun or great fire, of which mi-sa is the diminutive, just as as is the earth, or terrestrial globe, and sa-ch (cha = sa) earth, soil. See "Earth" in sequel. |