for one kós, reach the halting-place, which is a village of good size, where plenty of provisions may be had.

Sth Stage to Búngnám Kót, East, 4 kós.

Along the same low ridge to the village of Sailiáni, close to which you come successively to the villages of Chilounia and Pokhalia and Aisiálú, all within the compass of less than one kós. Beyond Aisiálú, one and a half kós, is a small pond, the water of which, though not rising from rock, never fails. Its name is Dhimilopáni, and on its left runs the ridge of Thária-dánra and Katonjia village; on its right, the Bhanda ridge and the village of Jaljalia. Beyond Dhimilopáni commence a descent of somewhat less than half a kós, leading to the Molang or Morang Khóla, before named. Cross the Khóla and ascend one kós to Búngnám Kót, a large village and residence of the rural authority, having the smaller village of Bari on its right.

9th Stage to Chúrkhú, East, 6 kós.

After one kós of descent reach the Lipia Khóla, which stream you cross at once and ascend the Lipia-dánra, or ridge, travelling along which you soon come to Okal-dhúnga, a village of Bráhmans and Khas. Thence to Jyá-miria, another village close by on the right. Thence going a kós you reach Charkhú-dánra, merely another name for the Lipia ridge. Descending slightly and advancing one kós you come to Rúmjátár, a celebrated and extensive pasture-tract, where the Gúrung tribe feed large flocks of sheep (Ovis Barúal). Thence two and three-quarters of a kós of slight descent to Dhanswár, the head village of the rural arrondissement, where the Dwaria, or deputy of Rankésar Khatri, who holds the village in private property, resides. Had the village belonged to the first, it would have been called, as the Dwária's abode, not Dhanswár, but Kót.

The more general character of Társ is described in the sequel. This one must be very unusually lofty and cool, else neither Gúrungs nor their sheep could dwell in it. It is probably only a cold weather place of resort, otherwise it must be 5000 to 6000 feet high, like the plateau of Liáng, spoken of at Stage 5. Both are excep tional features of the country, which nevertheless, with all its precipitousness, has more numerous, divers, and extensive level tracts than is commonly supposed

10th Stage to Háchika, East, 6 kós.

After half a kós of descent, we arrived at Thotnia Khóla, a hill torrent which joins the Dúd Cósi about three miles ahead. Proceeded down the rugged stony glen of the Thotnia to the junction, which is reached at Rasuá Ghát. Thence down the right bank of the Dúd Cósi for two kós to Katahar Biási, where the river, which had thus far run through a narrow glen, encumbered with boulders, has a wider space on either bank, capable of cultivation, and yielding fine crops of wet rice, but hot and malarious. This sort of tract is what is called in the Parbattia language a Biási. Katahar Biási belongs to Brahmans, who dwell on the heights above. The road leads down the Biási, which is above half a kós wide for more than one kós, and then ascends the ridge of Kúvindia for one kós to the halting-place, or Háchika, which is a village inhabited by Kirántis, whose country of Kiránt is bounded on the west by the Dúd Cósi, and begins on this route, where the Dhanswár estate ends. The Arún is the eastern boundary of Kiránt. The Dúd Cósi is the fourth great feeder of the Mahá Cósi, which latter enters the plains as one river at Váráha Kshétra above Náthpúr in Purneah. We have already passed three of these great tributaries, or the Sún Cósi, the Támba Cósi, and the Likhú Cósi. The remaining ones are three, or the Arún Cósi, Barún Cósi, and Tamór Cósi.* Thus there are seven in all; and Eastern Népál, or the country between the great valley and Sikim, is called Sapt Cousika, or region of the seven Cósis, from being watered by these seven great tributaries of the Mahá Cósi. Kiránt and Limbúán are subdivisions of the Sapt Cousika, so called from the tribes respectively inhabiting them; the Kirántis dwelling from the Dúd Cósi to the Arún, and the Limbús from the Arún to the Tamór. The country between the great valley and the Dúd Cósi is not so especially designated after the tribes inhabiting it; but the Néwars and Múrmis of Népál Proper are the chief races dwelling there. Of all these tribes, the Néwárs are by much the most advanced in civilisation. They have letters and literature, and are well skilled in the useful and fine arts.

• See Memorandum at the end of the Itinerary and annexed Sketch.

Their agriculture is unrivalled; their towns, temples, and images of the gods are beautiful for materials and workmanship; and they are a steady, industrious people, equally skilled in handicrafts, commerce, and the culture of the earth. The rest of the highland tribes of people are fickle, lazy races, who have no letters or literature, no towns, no temples nor images of the gods, no commerce, no handicrafts. All dwell in small rude villages or hamlets. Some are fixed, others migratory, cultivators perpetually changing their abodes as soon as they have raised a crop or two amid the ashes of the burnt forest. And some, again, prefer the rearing of sheep to agriculture, with which latter they seldom meddle. Such are the Gúrungs, whose vast flocks of sheep constitute all their wealth. The Múrmis and Magars are fixed cultivators; the Kirántis and Limbús, for the most part, migratory ones; and the Lepchas of Sikim still more completely so. The more you go eastward, the more the several tribes resemble the Bhótias of Tibet, whose religion and manners prevail greatly among all the tribes east of the valley of Népál, though most of them have a rude priesthood and religion of their own, independent of the Lámás.

11th Stage to Sólmá, South-East, 3 kós.

Leaving Hachika, which is itself lofty, you ascend for two kós through heavy forest by a bad road, exceedingly steep, to the Kiránti village of Dórpá, which is situated just over the brow of the vast hill of Hachika, the opposite side of which, however, is far less steep. Going half a kós along the shoulder of the hill, you then descend for half a kós to the village of Sólmá, the halting-place.

12th Stage to Lámákhú, East, 2 kós.

An easy descent of one kós leads to Lapché Khóla, a small stream, which crossed, you ascend the ridge of Lámakhú við Gwálúng, a Kiránti village situated near its base. Thence the acclivity of the hill is steep all the way to the halting-place, which is about half-way to the hill-top, and one and a half kós from Gwálúng. Lámakhú is a Kiránti village like Gwálúng, but smaller.

13th Stage to Khika-mácchá, East, 4 kós.

Descend half a kós to the Sapsú Khóla, a petty stream, which, however, the Kirántis esteem sacred. Cross it, and commence ascending the great mountain Tyám Kyá. Climb for one kós by a bad road to the village of Kháwa, and another kós equally severe to Chákhéva-bhanjáng, or the ridge, and then make an easy descent of one and a half kós to Khikamácchá, the haltingplace. It is a village of Kirántis, in which a mint for coining copper is established by the Durbar of Népál. The workmen are Bándas (Bandyas) of the valley of Népál, of whom there inay be fifty or sixty. There is also a Taksári or mint master, and a squad of twenty-five soldiers under a jemadar.

14th Stage to Jinikhésáng, East, 5 kós.

After a kós of tolerably easy travelling, you come to Júkya Khóla, a petty stream, which passed you arrive in half a mile at Pakri, a village situated at the base of the Khokan ridge. Thence slightly descending for half a kós, reach Pikhúá Khóla. Cross it, and ascend the hill of Bhaktáni for one kós and reach Múrkiahúlák, a post-station of the Government close to the 66th mile-stone of the great military road leading from Káthmándú nearly to the frontier. Thence a descent of one kós to the Khésáng Khóla, one of the innumerable small mountain streams. Cross the Khóla, and ascend the ridge of Thaklia for half a kós to Bánskim and Powagaon, two small conjunct villages of Kirántis. Thence along the ridge of Khésáng for one and a quarter kós to Jinikhesáng, a large Kiránti village, the head of which is Balbhadra Rai, and whence there is a very fine view of the snows.

15th Stage to Jarai Tár, South-East, 5 kós.

Descending slightly for one and a half kós reach Yákú village, and then descending more abruptly for one kós, come to the Ghongaria Khóla, a small stream. Cross it, and proceed along the nearly level base of the Yákú ridge for two and a half kós

The route gives 61. The difference of five kós is owing to the travellers making an occasional short cut, for they kept, generally, the great military highway.

to Jarai Tár, a large village inhabited by Kirántis, Khas, and Brahmans, and situated at the opening of an extensive and cultivated flat running along the right bank of the Arún River, and raised some thirty or forty cubits above the level of its bed. Such an elevated flat is called in the Khas tongue a Tár, whereas a low flat, or one on the level of the river, is termed a Biási. Every great river has here and there Társ, or Biásis, or both.* Társ, from being raised, are usually too dry for rice, but some can be well irrigated from the adjacent mountain, and then they will produce rice as well as Biásis. If not constantly irrigable, wheat, barley, millets, pulse, and cotton are grown in them. The elevation of Társ is too inconsiderable to exempt them from malaria, though they are usually rather more wholesome than the lower and often swampy Biásis. Jarai Tár is an extensive one, being one and a half kós wide, and, as is said, several miles long, following the river. The soil is red but fertile, and the whole of it is under cultivation. The village is large for the mountains, and has some fifty to sixty houses, some of which are pakka, as a caravansery, here called Dharamsála or Powa, and one or two more. The site of the village is higher than the rest of the Tár. The Pinus longifolia abounds in Jarai Tár, and peacocks are very numerous. Also Junglefowl and Káliches (Gallophasis melanoleucos).

• It is remarkable how universally this phenomenon of high and low levels of the land, indicating change in the relative heights of the land and water, prevails wherever obvious sedimentary deposits are found in definite locations. Herbert and Hutton, in their Reports of the Geology of the Western sub-Himálayas, perpetually speak of the phenomenon as occurring in the mountains, and, according to Herbert, also in the Dúns and even Bháver; and Darwin (“Naturalist's Journal ") constantly records it in the course of his long survey of South America from Rio Janeiro to the north point of Chili.

The same thing is very observable in the great valley of Népál, whose whole surface is almost equally divided into high and low levels, though the operating cause must here have been modified in its action, as indeed is perpetually the case in different localities. The high and low levels of Tár and Biási I consider to represent the pristine and present beds of the rivers, whose constant erosion has during ages created this difference of level, often amounting to 150 or 200 feet. The low level of the valley of Népál I consider to have been suddenly scooped out, when the waters of the pristine lake (for such the valley was) escaped in one tremendous rush under the action of an earthquake, which rent the coutaining rock and let off the waters at once.

From these indications, which are altogether exceptional as regards the mountains, it may be confidently stated that Jarai Tár is not more thau 1500 feet above the sea.