wont to denominate their chief river by the general term for river in their respective languages (teste Meinám, Líkhu, &c.), we shall hardly be disposed to hesitate in admitting that the Northmen, as they moved Southwards into the tropical swamps of India and Indo-China, clung to and perpetuated, even amid various changes of language, that name of the river of their Northern home (viz., the river, kaт' ¿§oxýv) with which was associated in their minds the memory of their fatherland.

"By the waters of Babylon they sat down and wept."

P. S.-Before I went to England in 1853, I had been so fortunate as to gain access to some Gyárungs and Tákpas or inhabitants of Sífán and of the South-Eastern confines of Tibet. In my paper on the Hórsók I gave the substance of their information about Sífán. I will here add a few scattered particulars about the country lying above Asám, and the rather because, from the date of my return to India up to this hour, I have never again been able to get access to these people. The Tibetans and Sífánese are wholly unacquainted with the terms Daphla, Abor, Bor, Aka, Miri, Mishmi, Khamti, by which we denominate the tribes lying East of Bhútán. They recognise Cháng vel Sáng (Changlo of Robinson) as the name of a Bhútánese tribe or rather profession. They say that above Palyeul or Népál (Easternmost part-alone known to my informants) is Tíngri: above Deunjong or Sikim is Trinsam (the Dingcham of Hooker and Damsen of myself): above Lhó or Bhútán is Nyéro: above Towáng or Takyeul is Chóna or Jháng chóna: above Lhókhapta is Kwombo: above Tsárung is Chozogon. These are said to be the respective Cis and Trans-Himálayan districts occurring from the position of Kúti in Népál Eastwards to beyond that of Saddia in Asám. It is added that the river E'rú vel Yárú (Bráhmapútra) passes, from Kwombo into Lhókhapta, beneath the great snowy mountain called Kwombochári, and that a great mela or mart is held there every twelve years. Lhókhapta, or Lhó of the cut lips, is so called to distinguish it

• The word for river in De Körös's Dictionary is certainly erroneous, derived from a misapprehension of the attached descriptive epithet of the great river of Tibet. The common word for river is chú = water. But I am assured that a great river is as frequently called E'ru, A'ru, or with the prefix Yéru, Yáru, as in India a great river is called Ganga.

from Lhó Proper, because the people have the habit of making a permanent cleft in their lip.

Tsáng province is said to be bounded on the South by the Ghúngra ridge, on the West by Mount Ghúndalá, on the North and East by the Kámbalá range; the province of U to be bounded East by Sangwagyámda, West by the river Tamchokhamba, South by the Kámbalá range, and North by the Nyénchhen-thánglá. Beyond the last-named great snowy range is situated the immense lake of Nám tsó, which is said to bear the same relation to Northern Tibet that the Yámdo* tso (Palte or Yárbrokyú) lake does to Southern. The former is the Terkiri and Téngri núrt of our maps, as to which maps we have the following further identifications:-Ghámda Gyámda. Batang = Pátháng. Rywadzé Rewáché. Lári Lhá ríngo. Kiáng, added to great rivers = Gyárung. River Takin = Gyamo gnúlchu, and river Yang-tse = Nya chú. Pampou of Huc = Phemba river and valley both so called. Galdeso river = Galden, and is the East boundary of Phemba and Lhása valleys, as the Tolong river is their Western boundary.

=

=

Abstract of Diary of Route from Káthmándú to Pekin, as taken during the Embassy of Chountra Páúskker Sáh, showing the number and position of the mountains passed.

• I have elsewhere corrected the prevalent mistake about the shape of the Yanido. It is very long and narrow.

+ Núr is Turkic for lake as taó is Tibetan. Tengri núr, or celestial lake of the former tongue, is an exact translation of Nám tsó of the latter. The general prevalence of Turkic words in the geography of Northern Tibet more especially suffi ciently evinces the presence of that wide-spread tribe in Tibet.

Boundary of Népal and Tibet.

§ Mount Everest of Waugh.

• The iron bridge beyond Táchindó is the boundary of Tibet and China. See Diary of a Journey from Káthmándú to Táchindú, printed in our Researches.

Thus there are 104 langúrs or mountain ridges and passes between Káthmándú and Pekin, and of these 102 occur in the non-carriageable part of the way or in the first 897 kós, and the last two only in the remaining 353 kós or the carriageable part. This latter may be said to be entirely through plains, for of the two hills occurring, only one is at all noticeable, and both are traversed in carriages. From Káthmándú to the iron boundary-bridge beyond Táchindó (China frontier) is 665 kós; and thence to Chinchi Shán or Mount Chinchi is 20 kós. Throughout these limits, or 685 kós from Káthmándú, mountains covered with snow occur. In the remaining 565 no snowy mountains occur.

Horses are used for the first 894 [query 897], and carriages for the last 356 [query 353]. Total, 1250 kós.

This remark, as well as the prior one in the body of the paper, belongs to the original. The bracketed entry of distance is mine, taken from the remarks below of the original.