-only one cemetery was worthy to contain his remains. In that temple of silence and reconciliation where the enmities of twenty generations lie buried, in the Great Abbey which has during many ages afforded a quiet resting-place to those whose minds and bodies have been shattered by the contentions of the Great Hall, the dust of the illustrious accused should have mingled with the dust of the illustrious accusers. This was not to be. Yet the place of interment was not ill chosen. Behind the chancel of the parish church of Daylesford, in earth which already held the bones of 10 many chiefs of the house of Hastings, was laid the coffin of the greatest man who has ever borne that ancient and widely extended name. On that very spot probably, fourscore years before, the little Warren, meanly clad and scantily fed, had played with the children of ploughmen. Even then his young mind had revolved plans which might be called romantic. Yet, however romantic, it is not likely that they had been so strange as the truth. Not only had the poor orphan retrieved the fallen fortunes of his line. Not only had he repurchased the old lands, and rebuilt the 20 old dwelling. He had preserved and extended an empire. He had founded a polity. He had administered government and war with more than the capacity of Richelieu. He had patronised learning with the judicious liberality of Cosmo. He had been attacked by the most formidable combination of enemies that ever sought the destruction of a single victim; and over that combination, after a struggle of ten years, he had triumphed. He had at length gone down to his grave in the fulness of age, in peace, after so many troubles, in honour, after so much obloquy.

Those who look on his character without favour or malevolence will pronounce that, in the two great elements of all social virtue, in respect for the rights of others, and in sympathy for the sufferings of others, he was deficient. His principles were somewhat lax. His heart was somewhat hard. But while we cannot with truth describe him either

I

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as a righteous or as a merciful ruler, we cannot regard without admiration the amplitude and fertility of his intellect, his rare talents for command, for administration, and for controversy, his dauntless courage, his honourable poverty, his fervent zeal for the interests of the state, his noble equanimity, tried by both extremes of fortune, and never disturbed by either,

NOTES.

1. 18. Goldsmith... Scott, i.e. instead of by their best work, the Vicar of Wakefield and the Waverley Novels.

22. Minister. Gleig (1796-1888), after serving in the Peninsular War, took orders and became Chaplain-General to the forces.

2. 1. Machiavelli (1469-1527). The lesson of his book, Il Principe, published 1532, is that any wickedness done by a ruler to maintain his power is justified by the wickedness of his subjects. He lived at Florence in the time of the Medici. Macaulay wrote an essay upon him.

2. Whole Duty of Man. Ascribed to Dr. Allestre (1619-81) and Dr. Fell (1625-86), a book on the practical duties of a Christian. 6. furor Biographicus, the resolve to see nothing but good in him of whom they write.

7. goître, i.e. unavoidable, as the throat disease to which the dwellers in some parts of Switzerland are liable.

14. impeached... uncovered. See p. 109 fol. and 127, 1. 29.

27. Mill (1773-1836). Wrote the History of British India. The part referring to Hastings is much coloured by party animosity. Introd. § 2.

32. Lely. Sir Peter (1617-80), the famous portrait painter. Dutch by birth, he settled in London in 1641. Charles I. and Charles II. were his patrons, besides Cromwell.

3. 2. Curl pated. The Cavaliers wore long hair. The Puritans cut theirs short, and were nicknamed 'Roundheads' and 'Crop Ears.'

12. Sea king, i.e. Viking. Hasting invaded England 893-7. Alfred 871-901.

19. Chamberlain. Lord Hastings (1430-83), Lord Chamberlain of Edward IV., whom he served well in the Civil War. Gloucester (Richard III.), finding he would not aid his design of seizing the crown from Edward V., had him executed on a charge of treason. See Shakspeare, Rich. III. iii. 4 and 5.

White Rose. The House of York. Shakspeare, 1st Pt. Hen. VI. ii. 4.

22. Huntingdon. Henry Hastings, for a short time regarded by the Protestant party as a possible heir (through his descent from the Countess of Salisbury and so from Edward III.) to Elizabeth.

33. Mint at Oxford.

Driven from London, Charles I. made Oxford his capital. The Cavaliers and the Oxford Colleges gave up their plate to be coined into money.

36. Lenthal, Speaker of the Long Parliament, was charged with receiving bribes to befriend Royalists.

4. 10. tithes. A tenth of the profits on land, devoted to the support of the Church.

12. Customs, i.e. a post in the Custom house, the office charged with collecting the revenue from taxes on merchandize.

13. Pynaston married Hester Warren in 1730, when aged 26, not 16. She died 1732. Within two years he is said to have married a butcher's daughter, and, taking Holy Orders, to have gone as chaplain to the West Indies.

18. Born at Churchill, Oxfordshire, close to Daylesford. His grandfather now became curate of Churchill.

36. Isis. The name of the Thames as far as Oxford.

5. 18. Newington, in Kent.

22. Bourne, Vincent (1695-1747), famous for his Latin poems. 23. Churchill (1731-64), satirist, wrote the Rosciad and helped Wilkes in the North Briton.

Colman (1732-4), dramatist, and friend of Garrick.

24. Lloyd, poet, and friend of Churchill.

Cumberland (1732-1811), dramatist and essayist.

Cowper (1731-1800), the poet. From 1767 he lived in seclusion at Olney, in Bucks, on the river Ouse. The influence of John Newton drew him into the Evangelical movement, then in progress. This and a constitutional melancholy made him adopt the Calvinistic doctrine of the innate wickedness of man (6. 8) and inclined him to periods of religious despair and even mania. 33. cloister, of Westminster Abbey. The arcaded square

originally built as a place of exercise for the monks.

Refused. In his lines To Warren Hastings. See also Expostulation, 1. 375.

6. 14. Impey. See p. 35. 23.

17. hired. An unworthy, if dramatic, fiction.

20. Scholar. In 1747 he was first on the list for a king's scholarship, Impey being fourth.

22. dormitory. That in which the Westminster Latin play is acted and the school 'Honour Boards' are hung.

25. Studentship. The scholars at Christ's Church are termed students.

36. Hexameters and Pentameters, i.e. the composition of Latin

verse.

7. 1. On all Anglo-Indian and native terms in this and other pages, see Glossary A.

11. See Introd. 3.

12. Fort William, protecting Calcutta.

14. Dupieix. French Governor of Pondicherry, 1741-54. The first to attempt founding an European Empire in India. His capture of Madras in 1745 forced the English, under Clive, to try to beat him at his own game. See Introd. §3, and Macaulay's Essay on Clive (in this series), p. 80 fol.

17. Carnatic. The French and English supported rival candidates for the Nawabship of the Carnatic, 1749-54. The English candidate won.

18. turned, by the capture and defence of Arcot, 1751. See Clive, p. 18.

19. peace.

France and England were at peace also in Europe.

23. Sent, October, 1753.

28. prince, the Nawab Alí Vardi Khán.

8. 3. Surajah Dowla, properly Suráj-ud-daulá, grandson and successor of Alí Vardi Khán, 1756. See Clive, pp. 33-36.

4. War, because the Company were fortifying Calcutta against his wish, and had not formally recognised him as Nawab.

8. Dutch. The Dutch E.I.C. traded mainly with Java, but had a few settlements in India, among which were Falda (Faltá), 1. 15, and Chinsura.

11. Black Hole, 20th June, 1756. See Clive, l.c. Of 146 English prisoners therein confined only 22 were alive the next morning.

24. Conspirators, wishing to replace Suráj-ud-daulá by Meer Jaffier (Mir Jafar Khán). This was actually done by Clive after Plassey. See 9. 3, and Clive, p. 41.

28. Fulda (Faltá). At this time Hastings married his first wife, a Mrs. Buchanan. She died two years later.

29. Clive, with a fleet under Admiral Watson.

Clive, 42. 3.

9. 1. Plassey, 23rd June, 1757. This war was the first waged with the natives of India apart from French intrigue, and may be regarded as laying the foundation of our Indian Empire.

6. interval, 1760-5.