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to idealize nature and human life, to exhibit the soul in the richness and variety of its sentiments, in the nobleness of its aspirations and in the greatness of its possibilities. To it belong elegance, beauty, harmony, and grandeur, all that can ennoble the fancy and exalt the affections. The end of poetry is refined enjoyment through emotion. In it there is always exultation, a subtle, blooming spirituality. What a treat,' exclaims Dr. Arnold, thinking of the resultant self-improvement, it would be to teach Shakespeare to a good class of young Greeks in regenerate Athens; to dwell upon him line by line and word by word, and so to get all his pictures and thoughts leisurely into one's mind, till I verily think one would, after a time, almost give out light in the dark, after having been steeped, as it were, in such an atmosphere of brilliance!' To what end is our life, if not to soul culture, perpetual ascension in the scale of being? In this the poets help us by seizing and holding up to view the noblest, cleanest, and best, that there is.

The finer thoughts, the thrilling sense,

The electric blood with which their arteries run,
Their body's self-turned soul with the intense
Feeling of that which is, and fancy of

That which should be.'

enable them, more powerfully than other authors, to awaken in their readers the states of consciousness that exist in themselves. (5) As a corollary, it is the mission of poetry to sweeten existence, to nourish human sympathies; to fill us with faith, strength, and cheer, when in the desert of life we faint and stagger; to reveal to our duller eyes and colder hearts the beauty and gladness of nature; in short, to furnish the finest and deepest-reaching discipline of which our spiritual being is capable. In order to receive these benefits, it must be studied, that is, read reflectively. To read anything profitably, read it actively.

INDEX.

Accent, 312.

Adams, J. Q., quoted, 168, 169,
Addison, quoted, 69, 75, 79, 90,
102, 107, 137, 214, 321, 249,
255.

Esthetics, relation of, to rheto-
ric, 2.

Akenside, quoted, 237.

Arts, classification of, 2, 228.
Association of ideas, 234.
Asyndeton, 25.
Authority, 202.
Autumn, beauty of, 83.

Bacon, Lord, quoted, 40, 84, 117,
131, 133, 136, 269.

Alford, Dean, quoted, 39, 71, 90, Baily, Samuel, quoted, 194.

114.

Alienisms, 65.

Alison, 115, 119, 235.

Allegory, 32.

Bain, Alexander, quoted, 125,
128, 131, 132, 134, 191, 325.
Balanced structure, 13.

Ballad, the, 330.

Alliteration, defined, 26; in poe- Bancroft, quoted, 141.

try, 320.

Allusion, 35.

America, characteristics of, 10.
Amplification, 98, 169.
Anacoluthon, 24.
Analogy, 198.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, quoted,
275.

Anticlimax, 40.

Antique, the poetry of, 308.
Antithesis, defined, 38; philoso-
phy of, 39.
Apostrophe, 36.
Apt, liable, 78.
Archaism, 23.

Argument, defined, 194, deduc-
tive, 195; inductive, 196; ana-
logical, 198; by example, 200;
from sign, 201; from testi-
mony, 202; direct and indirect,
203; arrangement in, 206; and
emotion, 208.
Aristotle, quoted, 6, 291.

Arnold, M., quoted, 68, 90, 91,
92, 128.

Arnold, Thomas, quoted, 101,
117, 159.

Arnott, Dr., quoted, 192.

Barbarisms, 66.

Bascom, Dr., quoted, 40, 62, 71,
84, 91, 93, 102, 107, 116, 118,
207, 300.

Beautiful, the, chapter on, 231.
Beauty, spiritual theory of, 232;
Ruskin on, 233; in nature, 234;
in literature, 235; abundance
of, 238; value of sensibility to,
239.

Bede, quoted, 329.

Beecher, H. W., quoted, 9, 83,
130.

Benard, quoted, 223.
Bentley, quoted, 90.
Bias, quoted, 213.

Bible, quoted, 1, 11, 16, 17, 20,
22, 25, 26, 31, 32, 38, 57, 59,
67, 86, 90, 94, 96, 100, 111, 120,
124, 130, 141, 243, 244.
Biography, 278.
Blackie, J. S., quoted, 107.
Blair, Dr., quoted, 206, 303.
Blank verse, 318.

Bolingbroke, quoted, 108, 115,
119, 124.

Books, power of, 210.
Brackets, 136.

Brevity, misplaced, 98.
Bright, John, quoted, 117, 128.
Browne, Sir Thomas, quoted, 11.
Browning, Robert, Carlyle on,
89: quoted, 115.

Bruyère, quoted, 75, 89, 95, 121,
253.

Bryant, quoted, 7, 60, 133, 313.
Buckle, Thomas, quoted, 70.
Bulwer, quoted, 7, 27, 67, 70, 91,
109, 135, 297.
Bunyan, quoted, 7, 120.
Burke, quoted, 36, 99, 132, 274.
Burlesque, 250.
Burns, quoted, 264.
Butler, Bishop, quoted, 199.
Butler, Samuel, quoted, 253.
Byron, quoted, 26, 30, 37, 66, 70,
100, 130, 133, 135, 242, 266,
314, 322, 323; characterization
of, 142.

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Comedy, 331.

Comma, rules for use of, 132.
Complete, whole, entire, 75.
Composition, practice essential to
excellence in, 149; Franklin
on, 178.

Conciseness, defined, 84; faulty,
85; relations of, to energy, 97;
violations of, 100.
Congreve, 132.

Connectives, Coleridge on, 88; ex-
cess of, 100.

Consistency, foolish pride in, 142.
Conway, M.D., quoted, 80.
Cousin, quoted, 237.
Cowley, quoted, 87.

Cowper, quoted, 27, 41, 309, 314,
317.

Crabbe, quoted, 75.

Criticism, true, 271; Pope's ideal
of, 272.

Crombie, quoted, 120.
Cromwell, quoted, 7, 138; char-
acterization of, 87.
Curran, quoted, 253.
Curves, rules for punctuational,
135.

Darwin, Charles, quoted, 282.
Dash, rules for use of, 134.
Days of the Week, origin of names
of, 51.

Debater, the, should be true to
his convictions, 303.
Deduction, defined, 195; illus-
trated, 197.

Definition, logical, 191.
De Mille, James, quoted, 139.
De Quincey, quoted, 9, 139, 165,
268.

Description, defined, 178; object-
ive and subjective, 179; pano-
ramic, 180; scenic, 181; order
of, 182; Scott's method of, 183;
aids to, 183; material, 184;
personal, 184; novelist's power
of, 290.

Dickens, quoted, 115, 261.
Dickinson, Anna, quoted, 139.
Diction, figures of, 17; poetical,
308.
Diffuseness, when proper, 98.

Discourse, Locke on the construc-|
tion of, 127; the three parts of,
166; transitions in, 169; am-
plification, 169; scientific, 280.
Discussion, requisites for the con-
duct of, 204.
Disposition, in discourse, 162.
Disraeli, Isaac, quoted, 118, 132,
133, 173.

Dixon, Hepworth, quoted, 92.
Doddridge, quoted, 26.
Donne, quoted, 117.

Drama, 331.

Essay, exposition and history of,
as a form of literature, 269;
requisites of the, 271.
Essay-writing, method of, 154;
specimen of, 157; schemes for,
163; amplification in, 169;
themes for, 174; Franklin on,
178.
Euphemism, 31.
Euphony, 109.
Euphuism, 320.

Everett, Edward, quoted, 22, 135.
Evidence, circumstantial, 201.

Dryden, quoted, 84, 90, 129, 152, Exaggeration, 78.

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Eloquence, general principles of,
297.

Emerson, quoted, 38, 84, 85, 124,
125, 137, 142, 161, 162, 240,
279, 297, 328.
Enallage, 27, 309.

Ends, absolute and relative, Ham-
ilton on, 14.

Energy, defined, 94; dependent

upon clearness, 95; upon sim-
plicity, 95; propriety, 95; con-
ciseness, 97; promoted by unity,
103; by imagery, 105; in ora-
tory, 304.

Enough, sufficient, 75.
Enthymeme, the, 195.
Epanorthosis, 25.

Epic, the, 329.

Epigram, 39, 251.

Epithets, 309.

Equivocal, ambiguous. 76.

human nature, 171.

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Fiction, exposition, 284; histori-
cal sketch, 286; prevalence and
influence of, 288; classes of,
289.

Fielding, quoted, 68, 91, 119, 120,
256.

Figures, general definition of, 16;
suggestions for the study of, 17;
of diction explained and illus-
trated, 17; association of ideas
in dictional, and its sources,
19; of thought, 21; classifica-
tion of, 23; origin of, 42; util-
ity of, 44; charm of, 46; ad-
vantages of, 47; evanescence
of, 50; rules for use of, 53;
directions for analysis of exer-
cises in, 54.

Fontenelle, quoted, 9, 24, 85.
Foster, John, quoted, 139.
Foot, metrical, 314.

Fox, quoted, 94, 210.

Franklin, Dr., quoted, 135, 178,

252, 303.

Free-Trade, in America, 214.

Error, benighting effect of on Froude, quoted, 80, 123.

Fuller, quoted, 138.

Gibbon, quoted, 24, 90, 160.
Gilder, quoted, 324.
Gladstone, quoted, 308.
Glass, essay on, 211.

God, Carlyle on the justice of, 8.
Goethe, quoted, 6, 7, 36, 59, 153,
231, 308.

Goldsmith, quoted, 67, 90, 133,
169, 250.

Gough, quoted, 57.
Gould, E. S., quoted, 79.
Grammar, relation of, to rhet-
oric, 2.

Gray, quoted, 309.

Greeley, Horace, quoted, 12.
Greg, W. R., quoted, 68.

Hall, Robert, quoted, 16, 328.
Halleck, quoted, 13.
Hamilton, Gail, quoted, 7.
Hamilton, Sir W., quoted, 14,
75, 129, 159, 189, 241.
Happiness, conditions of, 15.
Harmony, an element of ele-

gance, 111.

Haven, Dr. E. O., quoted, 93,
94.
Hawthorne, quoted, 80, 83, 91,
92, 107.

Hazlitt, quoted, 126, 132, 137,

138.

Helps, Arthur, quoted, 103, 115.
Henry, Patrick, quoted, 135.
Hepburn, A. D., quoted, 119.
Herrick, quoted, 124, 305.
Hill, A. S., quoted, 201.
Hobbes, quoted, 325.

Holland, Dr., quoted, 6, 46, 135.
Holmes, Dr., quoted, 68, 72, 119,
133.

Homer, quoted, 112, 213.
Hood, quoted, 140, 252, 318.
Horace, quoted, 1, 154, 305.
Hugo, Victor, quoted, 182.
Hume, quoted, 66, 90, 102, 105,
116, 117.

Humor, characteristics of, 255;
American, 258; and wit, 259.
Huxley, quoted, 279, 280.
Hyperbole, 38.

Ideals, influence of, 221, 326;
progressive, 224.

Imagery, perspicuity of, 88; pro-
motive of energy, 105; of ele-
gance, 113.

Imagination, chapter on, 215;
defined, 216; varieties of, 217;
importance of, 219; practical
uses of, 220; culture of, 221;
power of, in early ages, 284.
Incidents, invention of, in fiction,
290.

Induction, in exposition, 190;
defined, 196; illustrated, 197.
Influence, 51.
Innuendo, 36.
Interrogation, 41.

Interrogation-point, rules for use
of, 130.
Interruptio, 25.

Invention, discriminated from
discovery, 75; defined, 154; of
subject, 154; of material, 158;
of order, 162; of introduction,
166; of conclusion, 167; of
transitions, 168; exercises in,
173; in fiction, 290.
Inversion, 27.

Interludes, the, 335.
Irony, 31, 256, 261.
Irving, Washington, 67, 61, 132,
256.

Jeffrey, quoted, 92, 231, 239.
Johnson, quoted, 13, 58, 67, 82,
118, 134.

Jones, Sir W., quoted, 59.
Jonson, quoted, 3.
Joubert, quoted, 231.
Junius, quoted, 95.

Kant, quoted, 6.

Kames, Lord, quoted, 109, 230.
Keats, quoted, 59, 134, 216, 237,
238, 247.

Kingsley, Charles, quoted, 67, 68,
93, 122, 123, 135, 192.

Labor, necessity of, 3.
Lamb, quoted, 8, 123, 137.
Landor, quoted, 81, 267.
Langlande, quoted, 26, 320.

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