Directions. 1. Study the Lesson. 2 Answer the Questions.

533. Figures of Speech are deviations either from the usual form or spelling of words, from their syntactical construction, or from their proper and literal meaning.

534. Figures of Orthography. The figures of Orthography are deviations from the usual form or spelling of words, and consist of Elision, Prosthesis, Paragōge, Synaeresis, Diaeresis, and Tmesis.

535. Elision signifies cutting off a letter or syllable, either at the beginning, middle, or end of a word. Elision thus consists of three kinds, usually denominated Aphaeresis, Syncope, and Apocopě.

a. Aphaeresis takes away a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word; as, 'gan for began; 'gainst for against; 'plaint for complaint.-b. Syncope rejects a letter or syllable from the middle of a word; as, lov'd for loved; se'nnight for sevennight.- -C. Apocopě cuts off a letter or syllable from the end; as, th' for the; morn for morning; vale for valley; scant for scanty.

536. Prosthesis adds a letter or syllable to the beginning of a word; as, enchain, dispart, for chain, part.

537. Paragōge adds a letter or syllable to the end; as, awaken for awake.

538. a. Synaeresis is the contraction of two vowels, or of two syllables into one; as, ae in Israel, ie in alienate, pronounced as if written Is-ral, Al-ye-nate. —b. Two words, also, are frequently contracted into one; as, 'Tis for it is; we'll for we will.

539. Diaeresis is the division of one syllable into two, by placing the mark over the latter of two vowels; as, in zoology. 540. Tmesis separates a comp. word, by putting a word between. Questions. Explain the term Figures of Speech. What is meant by Figures of Orthography? Enumerate them. Explain and illustrate Elision-Aphaeresis-Syncope - Apocope-Prosthesis-Paragoge-Synaeresis-DiaeresisTmesis. What figure contracts two vowels into one?-adds a letter or syllable to the end?-adds a letter or syllable to the beginning?-cuts off a letter or syllable from the end?-from the middle?-from the beginning? By what figure is a syllable divided into two? By what figure is a compound word separated by inserting another word ? What figure do the following examples respectively illustrate: -zoology-'twas-awake—vale-se'nnight—'gan -dispart-to Godward?

Exercise 83 b.-LESSON 83.-p. 171.

Directions. 1. Study the Lesson. 2. Answer the Questions.

Figures of Syntax.

541. The figures of Syntax are Ellipsis, Pleonasm, Enallăge, and Hyperbăton.

542. Ellipsis is the omission of words necessary to supply the regular or full construction.

"I went

543. Pleonasm is the use of superfluous words; as, home full of a great many serious reflections. Here, the words a great many must be cancelled, as unnecessary. So," this here," "that there," the words here and there must be omitted.

a. Pleonasm is a fault to be avoided in writing, except in expressions of earnestness of affirmation on an interesting subject, in solemu language, or in poetical description; as," The sea-girt isle."

b. Polysyndeton, or the repetition of a conjunction, is a figure employed when we wish to dwell on each particular; as," Power, and wisdom, and goodness."-c. Periphrasis is the use of several words to denote one object.

544. Enallage is the use of one part of speech for another, and is confined to poetry; as, " Slow rises merit, when by poverty depressed."

545. Hyperbăton is the transposition of words.

Questions. Mention the figures of Syntax. Explain and illustrate Ellipsis, Pleonasm, Enallage, Hyperbaton. By what figure are words transposed?— one part of speech used for another ?-superfluous words introduced?-words omitted that are necessary for the full syntax? What figure do the following examples respectively illustrate ?-" Full of a great many serious reflections; -"the sea-girt isle ;"-" the juice of the grape;"-"slow rises merit; "Come, nymph demure; . ་་ power, and wisdom, and goodness."

Exercises 84, 85. - LESSONS 84, 85.

p. 172.

Directions. 1. Study the Lesson. 2. Answer the Questions.

Figures of Rhetoric.

546. The Figures of Rhetoric are deviations from the proper and literal meaning of a word or phrase.

550. The following are the principal Figures of Rhetoric; Comparison or Simile, Metaphor, Metonymy, Synecdoche or Comprehension, Personification or Prosopopeia, Apostrophe, Allegory, Antithesis, Allusion, Hyperbole, Irony, Sarcasm, Paralepsis, Interrogation, Exclamation, Vision, Repetition or Climax.

551. A Simile or Formal Comparison is the resemblance in some one particular between two objects of different kinds or species. This resemblance is expressed by the words like or as.

552. Rule. A Simile must be striking, natural, and suitable to the subject and the occasion. This rule excludes all comparisons that are too trite and obvious, too faint and remote, or too difficult for ordinary apprehension, or not suitable.- 553. A comparison is sometimes introduced purposely to lessen or depress an object.

554. A Metaphor is founded on the resemblance which one object bears to another, and differs from a simile only in being expressed in a shorter form, without the signs of comparison like

or as.

555. There are four sources of Metaphors; - 1. Between Rational and Irrational animals. 2. Between Rational beings and Inanimate objects. 3. Between Irrational animals and Inanimate objects. 4. Between one Inanimate object and another.

556. Rule 1. a. b. The resemblance between the two objects must be so evident, that what is affirmed of the one may be equally applicable to the other. — -c. Metaphors must not be forced or far-fetched.-d. They must be derived from the most frequent occurrences of art or nature, or from the civil transactions and customs of mankind.

557. Rule 2. Metaphors should be suited to the nature of the subject. Some are allowable in poetry which are inadmissible in prose.

558. Rule 3. a. Employ the simplest expressions. Carefully avoid intermixing plain and figurative language. There must be consistency of language in the expression of a metaphor.

559. Rule 4. a. In describing the same subject, we must avoid joining together different or mixed metaphors.-b. When we are in doubt, whether the metaphors introduced are, or are not of the mixed kind, we should form a picture upon them, and consider how the parts would agree when delineated with a pencil.—c. Avoid not only mixing metaphors, but crowding them together.

560. Metaphors should not be pursued too far. This is called straining a metaphor. b. Metaphors expressed by single words, may be introduced on all occasions.

561. Extended Metaphors require great skill to preserve consistency throughout.

Questions. What is meant by Figures of Rhetoric? When is a word used literally? - when figuratively? Illustrate each by an example. Explain the origin of Figurative Language. Explain a Trope. Figures of Thought. Show the advantages of Figurative Language. Mention the principal Figures of Rhetoric. Define a Simile, and adduce the example. Between what objects must comparisons be instituted ? With what are comparisons inconsistent? Quote the First Rule and example for the application of similes. How is a comparison introduced to depress an object? Define and illustrate a Metaphor. Explain the sources of Metaphors. Quote the first rule for the application of Metaphors ; — the second rule;-the third rule;- the fourth rule; -the fifth rule. Quote the remarks with regard to Extended Metaphors.

Directions. 1. Carefully study the Lesson. 2. Answer the Questions.

Rhetorical Figures continued.

A Metonymy is the change of such names as have some relation to each other; as when we put the cause for the effect, the effect for the cause, the container for the thing contained, &c.

563. A Synecdoche or Comprehension is when the whole is put for a part, or a part for the whole, a definite for an indefinite number, &c.

564. Personification or Prosopopeia is that figure by which we ascribe intelligence and personality to irrational animals and inanimate things.-565. There are different kinds of personification.

566. An Apostrophe is a turning off from the subject of discourse to address some other person, dead or absent, or some object, as if that person or object were actually before the speaker.

567. An Allegory is a series of metaphors continued through an entire narration, and represents one subject by another which is analogous to it.— 568. Such terms only must be employed as are literally applicable to the representative subject; nor must any circumstance be introduced which is not strictly appropriate to this latter subject, however justly it may be applied to the principal.

570. An Antithesis is the contrast or opposition between two different objects or qualities, that their difference may be rendered more apparent.

572. An Allusion is a figure by which some word or phrase in a sentence recalls to our mind, either some well-known fact in history or fable in mythology, or the sentiments of some distinguished writer.

Questions. Define a Metonymy. Quote the examples. Define a Synecdoche. Quote the example. What caution is given under this figure? Define a Personification. Quote the examples. What is the lowest kind of personification?-the second kind?-the highest kind? How is this figure to be employed in prose? Define an Apostrophe. Quote the examples. Define an Allegory. Quote the examples. What terms must be employed in an Allegory? Show the importance of this remark What is said of fables or parables? Define an Antithesis. Quote the examples. In what way ought the sentence containing the Antithesis to be constructed? Define an Allusion. Quote the examples.

Directions. 1. Study the Lesson. 2. Answer the Questions.

Rhetorical Figures continued.

573. An Hyperbole represents things as greater or less, better or worse, than they are in reality.

575. Irony is a figure in which we utter the very reverse of what we intend, with a view to add force and pungency to our observations.

576. Sarcasm is a keen satirical expression, intended to insult or mortify a person.

577. Paralepsis or Omission is a figure by which we pretend to omit what we are really desirous of enforcing.

578. An Interrogation is used literally to ask a question, but figuratively, to affirm or deny more strongly.

579. Exclamation is used to express agitated feeling, admiration, wonder, surprise, anger, joy, grief, &c.

580. Vision or Imagery is a figure in which we employ the present tense, to describe something as if actually passing before

our eyes.

581. The Climax is a figure in which the sense rises, by successive steps, to what is more and more important, or descends to what is more and more minute. 582. The Anti-climax, or opposite of climax, is introduced to diminish great objects.

Questions. Define an Hyperbole. Quote the examples. Of what is hyperpolical language the effect? When should it not be employed? Define Irony. Quote the example. For what purpose is this figure employed? Define and quote the illustration of Sarcasm; —of Paralepsis; Interrogation; - Exclamation; - Vision; - Climax. When only ought this figure to be introduced? What is a Lilotes?— Parallelism? - Catechresis? Quote the first Direction given for the application of figurative language?- the second Direction. What plan should be adopted in studying the Poets, &c. ?— with regard to your own composition?

Exercise 87 b.

Exercises on all the Figures.- 546 to 584.

To be answered vivâ voce.

1. What figure represents the formal resemblance between two objects? - a resemblance without the signs of comparison? What figure represents one subject by another that is analogous to it? What denotes a contrast? By what figure is some well-known fact recalled to the mind? What figure represents things as greater or less, &c. than they really are? What figure is employed when we express ourselves contrary to our thoughts? When we pretend to omit what we really wish to enforce? When we put the cause for the effect, &c.?. When the whole is put for a part, &c.?· When we attribute life to inanimate objects ? When we turn off from the subject of discourse to address some other person or thing? When under excited feelings we affirm or deny more strongly ? To express agitated feelings, &c.- When we employ the present for the past time?When we rise by regular steps from the lowest to the highest? 2. What figure does "He is as swift as the wind" illustrate? With what are comparisons unsuitable? When may metaphors be allowed? Why is Milton's comparison of Eve's bower in Paradise to the arbour of Pomona, incorrect? In what respects are the following faulty, "A person in sorrow is like a flower drooping its head?" "Curses like chickens always come home What figure is exemplified by "Thy word is a lamp to my feet, and a light to my path?"—"A hero is like a lion," "A hero is a lion."

to roost."

"To

3. Show in what respects the following are faulty. thrust religion down our throats." "He cannot buckle his distempered cause within the belt of rule." "Tenacious paste of solid milk." "There is not a single view of human nature, which is not sufficient to extinguish the seeds of pride." "I bridle in my struggling muse with pain, that longs to launch into