PART V.-PROSODY. Exercise 79.-LESSON 79.p. 160. Directions. 1. Study the Lesson. 2. Answer the Questions. 499. Prosody comprises Orthoëpy and Versification. 500. Orthoëpy comprises correct Pronunciation, Accent, Quantity, Emphasis, Pauses, and Tone. 501. Accent is a particular stress of the voice on a certain syllable in a word, that it may be distinguished from the rest. 502. The Quantity of a syllable is the time occupied in pronouncing it. A syllable is long, when the accent is on the vowel; and short, when the accent is on the consonant. A long syllable requires twice the time in pronouncing it that a short one does. Long syllables are marked thus ( ̄); as, tūbe; short syllables, thus ( ); as, măn. 503. Emphasis denotes that stress of the voice which we lay on some particular word or words in a sentence, in order to mark their superior import, and thus more clearly to convey the sense. 504. Pauses or rests are cessations of the voice, in order to enable the reader or speaker to take breath; and to give the hearer a distinct perception of the meaning, not only of each sentence, but of the whole discourse. 505. Intonation is the change or modulation of the voice, when speaking or reading. Questions-Define Prosody. What is Accent?- Quantity ? How are long and short syllables marked? Define Emphasis-Pauses- Intonation. What is the General Rule to be observed with respect to Intonation? Quote the directions for speaking and reading with effect. Directions. 1. Study the Lesson. 2. Answer the Questions. Versification. 507. Versification teaches the laws of Metre and the nature of Verse. 508. Prose may be defined to be language not confined to a determinate number of peculiarly arranged syllables. 509. Poetry or verse differs in its construction from prose, chiefly in requiring a more measured arrangement of words, and in admitting a peculiar license in the application of them. 510. The measured arrangement which principally distinguishes poetry or verse from prose, is called versification. 511. The application of certain words in poetry contrary to the ordinary rules of grammar, is called poetical license. 512. Verse is of two kinds; namely, rhyme and blank verse. Rhyme is a term applied to verses that terminate in syllables of the same sound. In Blank verse, the final syllables do not rhyme. 513. A Verse is a certain number of syllables, so disposed as to form one line of poetry.-b. A foot is a portion of a verse consisting of two or more syllables.- -c. A couplet or distich, con sists of two lines or verses; a triplet of three. 514. A Stanza, or stave, is a combination of several verses, varying in number according to the poet's fancy, and constituting a regular division of a poem or song. 515. Metre, or Measure, is the number of poetical feet which a verse contains. Scanning is dividing a verse into its several feet, in order to ascertain whether their quantity and position are agreeable to the rules of metre. All feet used in poetry consist either of two or of three syllables, and are reducible to eight kinds; four of two syllables, and four of three. 516. The Casura, or division, is the variable pause which takes place in a verse, and which divides it into two parts; as, The dumb shall sing the lame his crutch forego, Questions. Define Prose. Point out the difference between prose and verse. Explain versification-poetical license. What is rhyme-blank verse? Explain the terms a verse-a foot a couplet a hemistich-hypermeter — a Mention the different kinds of feet. Define the stanza-metre-scanning. When does a verse become lively? - smooth and gentle ? — when cæsura. solemn ? Exercise 81.- LESSON 81. p. 164. Directions. 1. Study the Lesson. 2. Answer the Questions. Different Kinds of Verse. 517. English verse may be divided into three classes, denominated, from the feet of which they principally consist, the Iambic, Trochaic, and Anapastic. 518. Iambic verse is adapted to serious and elevated subjects, and has every second, fourth, and other even syllables accented. It is of various lengths, only three of which will be here noticed. 519. The first form, capable of being extended through any number of verses, consists of four Iambuses, or eight syllables. 520. The second form, called the heroic measure, is well adapted to subjects of an elevated character. It consists of five Iambuses as, For me your tributary stores | combine To this measure, sometimes a line of six feet, called an Alexandrian verse, is added. 521. The third form, commonly used in psalms and hymns, consists of verses containing alternately four and three feet; as, Thou didst,Ŏ mighty God! | exist Ere time began its rāce]. 522. a. Trochaic verse is adapted to lively, cheerful subjects, and has the first, third, and other odd syllables accented. Of its various kinds, only two will be noticed here ; b. The first form consists of three Trochees; or of three and an additional syllable; as, When our hearts are mourning]. Vităl spark of heav'nly flame. c. The second, of four Trochees; as; Round us roars the tempest loûděr. 523. a. Anapastic Verse.-The first form of Anapastic verse, sometimes introduced into odes to arouse the attention, consists either of two Anapæsts, or of two and an unaccented syllable; as, But his cour ǎge 'găn fail. b. The second form, much used both in solemn and in cheerful subjects, consists of three Anapæsts; as, Ŏ ye woods spread your branch es ǎpace,] Questions.-Mention the different classes of English verse. To what subjects is Iambic verse adapted? Deseribe the first form-the second-the third. Give an instance of each. To what subjects is Trochaic verse adapted? Describe the first form-the second. Give an instance of each. On what occasions is Anapastic verse introduced? Describe the first form-the second. Give instances of each. Exercise 82 a.-LESSON 82.—p. 167. Directions. 1. Study the Lesson. 2. Ans. Quest. 3. Correct the Exercises. Poetical License. 525. Quest. State the nature of Poetical Language. 526. The application of certain words in Poetry, contrary to the ordinary rules of grammar, is called Poetical License. 66 527. Poetry frequently admits antiquated words and modes of construction which would be improper in prose; as, Long were." 528. The poets sometimes imitate the Latin and Greek mode of construction. 529. Sometimes words are abbreviated, at other times lengthened. 530. The construction of poetry frequently deviates from the ordinary syntactical arrangement of words; thus, a. The adjective is frequently placed after the noun; as, "With error sweet."-b. The nominative follows, or the objective precedes the verb; as, "No hive hast thou."-c. The Infinitive frequently precedes the word on which it depends.-d. Other modes of transposition frequently occur. In Poetry, several words undergo various changes, that they may be the better adapted to a measured composition. The most frequent changes are those of Elision and Synaērēsis. 531. Poetry admits of many elliptical expressions; thus, a. The article is frequently omitted.-b. Nouns are sometimes omitted in interrogative sentences; as, "Lives there who knows his grief?" that is, "Lives there a man who," &c.-c. Sometimes the antecedent is omitted.-d. Sometimes the relative is omitted.-e. Verbs are frequently omitted, especially such as express an address or answer.-f. In Compound tenses, the auxiliary is frequently used alone.-g. Prepositions are frequently omitted; thus, "He mourned no recreant friend;" that is, "for no recreant friend." 532. In Poetry, one part of speech is frequently used for another. a. Thus Adjectives are used for adverbs and nouns, and nouns for adjectives; as, "Gradual sinks the breeze."-b. Adjectives are improperly connected with nouns which they do not qualify.-c. Nor is often used for neither, and or for either; as, " Nor grief nor fear shall break my rest."-d. A noun and its pronoun are sometimes used as nominatives to the same verb.-e. Intransitives are sometimes made transitives.-f. The Past tense is sometimes used for the Perfect Participle.-g. The simple form of the first and third persons of the present Indicative is sometimes used for the Imperative; as, "Turn we," for "let us turn." Exercises.In the following sentences, you must underline the words which illustrate the observations, and then explain, vivâ voce, how they illustrate them. 527. Shall I receive by gift, what of my own When and where likes me best, I can command ? What time we raz'd old Ayton's tower. In sooth, he was a strange and wayward wight. d. The ploughman homeward plods his weary way. 3. How sweet the breath of Sabbath morn. 531. a. The brink of haunted stream. b. Lives there who loves his pain? c. Who never fasts, no banquet e'er enjoys. d. For is there aught in sleep can charm the wise? f. Who does the best his circumstance allows b. The tenants of the warbling shade. g. Fall he that must, beneath his rival's arms. RECAPITULATORY EXERCISES ON THE RULES OF SYNTAX PROMISCUOUSLY ARRANGED. Errors to be corrected. Directions. 1. Rectify the Errors in each sentence. 2. Place over each the numeral of the rule violated. 3. Then, vivâ voce, quote the rule. 4. Parse each sentence throughout. SECTION I. Exercise 82 b.-I have read Horace Art of Poetry. These are ladies ruffles. These three great genius's flourished at the same time. I want a scissors. He acted in compliance to a bad disposition. Give attendance to reading, to exhortation, to doctrine. I do not like these kind of men. The landlord was quite unfurnished of every kind of provision. A child of four years old was thus cruelly deserted by its parents. I found your affairs had been managed in a different manner, than what I advised. These words have the same sense of those others. Let us not forget, that something more than gentleness and modesty, something more than complacency of temper and affability of manners, are requisite to form a worthy man, or a true Christian. They could easier get them by heart, and retain them in the memory. The Romans had no other subsistence, but the scanty pillage of a few farms. He has eat no bread, nor drunk no water these two days. He wrote to me previous to my coming to town. Brutus. and Aruns killed one another. It argued the most extreme vanity. Time hastens forward; and life attended with its cares, perhaps its sorrows, will have quickly run their course. Of all vices, pride is the most universal. Who calls? Me. Nor is mankind so much to blame, in his choice thus determining him. By this institution each legion, to whom a certain portion of auxiliaries was allotted, contained within itself every species of lighter troops, and of missile weapons. Exercise 82 c.-He was ignorant, the profane historian, of the testimony, which he is compelled to give. That faction in England, who most powerfully opposed his arbitrary pretensions. He was certainly one of the most acute metaphysicians, one of the deepest philosophers, and one of the best critics and most learned divines, which modern times have produced. Such of the Morescoes might remain, who demeaned themselves as Christians. If you were here, you would find three or four in the parlour, after dinner, whom, you would say, passed their afternoons very agreeable. The pleasure or pain of one passion differ from those of another. Who, instead of being useful members of society, they are pests to mankind. Whom do men say that I am? Who do you speak to? Who she knew to be dead. |