relief, nor marriage-fine, except that they owe suit to the Prince's mill of Dindryval in lieu of all other services,

And be it known, that all the heirs of these three domiciles owe yearly suit at the two great torns* of the Prince; and in the aforesaid hamlet there is one ploughland, and Tangwystyl, the only daughter of Madog ab Goronw, is the heiress thereof, and the quarterly rent thereof, on each of the four quarterly returns, viz. on the Feast of All Saints, the Purification of the Virgin, St. Philip and James, and St. Peter, is four-pence. And the aforesaid heirs owe suit at the Commote and Hundred, and relief, gobr and amobrt, ten shillings each, when they happen, and they have a share in the mill of Trev Gwalchmai.

3-LLYS LLEDWIGAN WITH THE HAMLET OF BERWYN.

This township is free, and in it is one domicile, called the domicile of Einion ab Gwalchmai, and the heirs thereof are Ieuan ab Iorwerth, Meredydd ab Llywelyn, and others their coheirs, and their rent every quarter is six shillings and eight-pence half-penny, and the yearly sum, one pound six shillings and ten-pence. And they owe suit to the Commote and Hundred of the Prince, and a relief, both gobr and amobr, of ten-pence, except the heir of Llywelyn ab Ednywain, one of the heirs of the same domicile, who owed no relief nor amobr before the conquest, nor ever since. And all the heirs of the same domicile have a share in the mill of Melin Vechan and Melin Cerygceinwen, and there are in the same hamlet two oxgangs of land, the heirs of which are Einion ab Gruffydd ab Hywel, Davydd ab Davydd, and others their coheirs, and the quarterly rent thereof is five shillings and three-pence three farthings, the annual sum, one pound one shilling and three-pence; and they owe thence a suit to the Commote and Hundred§, and a re

* According to Magna Charta, the Sheriff's Torn, or, more properly, Turn, was to be held twice a year, after Easter and Michaelmas. It had its name from the turn, or circuit, he made on the occasion, and is therefore synonymous with the Welsh Cylch, as used, in certain instances, in the Laws of Hywel.-ED. TR.

+ The meaning of amobr has been already explained; and, according to some, gobr was often synonymous. See the Cambrian Register, vol. i. p. 202, and Mona Antiqua, p. 131. This, however, could not have been the case with reference to the use of the word in this extent, as, in some instances, the fines payable for each differ in their amount. In the Welsh Laws gobr is of various kinds: among others it is a fee payable to a judge by the successful party in a cause, a compensation due from a person on his return from exile to such as may have preserved his inheritance for him during his absence, and a reward to which a man was entitled upon the detection of a theft. See "Leges Wallica," pp. 27, 130, 150, and 330.-ED. TR.

In the original bovata terræ, which comprised as much land as an ox could plough; and it is, therefore, rendered, by Spelman, oxgang or oxgate. It is estimated in the old English laws at fifteen acres. ED. TR.

A suit to the Commote and Hundred, in the original secta ad commotam et hundredum, which occurs so frequently in this extent, implies the obligation that was imposed upon certain tenants of the crown to appear at the Commote and Hundred Courts.-ED. TR.

lief, gobr and amobr, of ten shillings each. And it is said that they have no mill in the said Commote, but in the Commote of Llivon, whence it seems, as regards the Prince, that they owe suit at his mill of Dindryval in that Commote; and there are in the aforesaid hamlet three oxgangs of land, as they reckon them, of escheat*, namely, Crach Saethau, which Ednywain ab Einion Llwyd now holds, and pays for it a quarterly rent of four-pence farthing, contained in the said sum of five shillings and three-pence three-farthings, and the yearly rent thereof, according to the last extent, at Easter and Michaelmas equally, amounts to two shillings and eight-pence.

4-LLAN LLEDWIGAN.

This township is free, and Hywel ab Madog ab Llywelyn is sole heir thereof, and owes no yearly rent for it except suit at the first Commote-court, held after Michaelmas in each year, but neither to the other Commote or Hundred courts does he owe relief, or the fine of amobr. And they say, that they have no mill of their own at present in this Commote, but that it has fallen down and lies useless. It was called Melin Caregllwyd; and it is said, that he and all his tenants do suit at the two great torns of the Prince instead of all other services.

5-TREVDRAETH GWASTRODION.

In this township are six free domiciles, viz. the domicile of Cynrig ab Tegonwy, the domicile of Hywel ab Tudyr, the domicile of Meilyrion ab Gwalchmai, the domicile of Einion Vras, the domicile of Einion ab Isaac, and the domicile of Gwalcheithion.

And Llywelyn Moel is heir of the said domicile of Cynrig ab Tegonwy, the quarterly rent of which is three shillings and a halfpenny, and the yearly sum, twelve shillings and two-pence; and he owes no suit to the Prince's mill, because he owns a part of Melin Vechan in the same Commote.

The heirs of the aforesaid domicile of Hywel ab Tudyr are Einion Donnog, Madog ab Rhys and others; and their quarterly rent is, seven shillings and five-pence farthing, and the yearly sum, one pound, nine shillings and nine-pence; and they owe suit to the Prince's mill of Dindryval, but shall grind their wheat, rye, and malt, and all other grain to the thirtieth part, and, when the said mill is not at work, they are at liberty to grind where they choose. And they make part of the court of the Prince at Aberfraw†, with

* In Magna Charta, c. 31, escheat implies any land that casually falls to the lord, within his manor, by way of forfeiture, or upon the death of the tenant leaving no heir general or special. Escheats were anciently of two sorts, regal and feodal; the first belonging to the crown by virtue of its prerogative, the second to the lord in right of his seigniory. It is hardly necessary to add, that the English laws had, at this period, been introduced into Wales.ED. TR.

+ The attendance at the Prince's court, was one of the feudal services anciently common in most countries. Aberfraw was the seat of the Welsh Princes

others in this Commote. And there is, in the same domicile of Hywel ab Tudyr, a moiety of one oxgang of land of escheat, which belonged to one Ieuan Fwlbert, and now lies on the Prince's hands, and was accustomed to return a farthing quarterly, yearly one-penny, and, according to the last extent, was accustomed to pay eight-pence yearly.

And the heirs of the said domicile of Meilyrion ab Gwalchmai, are Madog Chwith and Ieuan ab Einion ab Hywel, and they pay for it, and for the land which they hold, in like manner, at Trev Gwalchmai, the quarterly rent of five shillings and eleven-pence half-penny; annually, one pound three shillings and ten-pence. They owe no suit for it to the Prince's mill, because they have a share in the mill of Trev Gwalchmai, but they make part of the court of the Prince at Aberfraw.

The heir of the said domicile of Einion Vras is Morgan ab Rhiryd, and his quarterly rent is one shilling and two-pence, annually four shillings and eight-pence, and he owes suit at the Prince's mill of Dindryval, and is to grind as the said heirs of the domicile of Hywel ab Tudyr, and make part of the Prince's court as aforesaid.

The sole heir of the aforesaid domicile of Einion ab Isaac is Ieuan ab Einion, and the quarterly rent thereof is one shilling and sixpence, annually six shillings: he owes no suit at the Prince's mill, because he holds a share in the mill of Trev Gwalchmai, but he forms part of the Prince's court.

And the heirs of the said domicile of Gwalcheithion* are Madog ab Iolyn and Davydd ab Cynrig, and the quarterly rent thereof is four shillings and three-pence farthing, annually seventeen shillings and one penny. They owe suit for it at the Prince's mill of Dindryval. And all the heirs of the aforesaid six domiciles owe suit at the Commote and Hundred courts as well as ten shillings, the fines of gobr and amobr, when they become payable. And there is in the same township one native domicilet, which is called the domicile of Bleddyn Goeg; and the heirs thereof are Deithyn son of Tudyr ab Madog and Ithel Vychan, and their rent is quarterly three shillings and four-pence halfpenny, yearly thirteen shillings and sixpence. And they owe suit at the Prince's mill of Dindryval, and relief, and amobr when payable, to the amount of six shillings and eight-pence. And they shall pay thence a part of their store‡, and are to provide for the carriage of the Lord Prince

from the time of Roderic the Great, in 843, to the death of the last Llywelyn in 1282. Some scanty remains of the royal palace are still to be traced.-ED. TR. * Gwalcheithion was probably the name of a place, not of an individual. It implies, literally, hawkeries, or mews.-ED. TR.

+ Terra nativa implied native or bond land; but there was a distinction in the degree of vassalage, to which the tenants were subject, some of whom were nativi liberi, free natives, a better sort of vassals, and others, puri nativi, mere natives, or perfect slaves.-ED. TR.

The original word is staurum, which was employed to denote any standing store or provision, whether of cattle or corn, which was continually replenished, and, consequently, not much exposed to the chance of diminution. Certain

and pay cylch stalon, cylch rhaglon, cylch hebogyddion, and cylch dorgon, and shall form part of whatever house the King pleases in the manor of Aberfraw.

6-TREVDRAETH DISTEINIAID WITH THE TOWNSHIP OF

BRYNDEWIN.

In this township there are two domiciles of free land, called the domicile of the grandchildren of Einion ab Gwalchmai, and the domicile of Tudyr ab Idgwen and Gothlon ab Idgwen.

The heirs of the said domicile of the grandchildren of Einion ab Gwalchmai are Llywelyn ab Davydd Vychan, Llywelyn ab Davydd Gethin, and others, their coheirs; and they pay no annual rent for it to the Prince, only suit to the Commote and Hundred, and no relief, nor amobr, nor suit to the Prince's mill, because they have a mill of their own, called Melin Gwnnau, and except that they owe suit to the Prince's two grand torns yearly.

And the heirs of the said domicile of Tudyr ab Idgwen, and Gothlon ab Idgwen, are Eden Goch, and Davydd ab Iorwerth, and others, their co-heirs; and their quarterly rent is one pound two shillings and nine-pence halfpenny, yearly four pounds eleven shillings and two-pence. They owe suit at the Commote and Hundred; and, for every relief, they pay twenty pence, for gobr, when it occurs, ten shillings, and for every amobr twenty pence. And all the heirs of this domicile, except Eden Goch, do work at the Prince's palace, at Aberfraw; and also all the heirs of this domicile, with the exception of Eden Goch and Eden ab Meirig, pay cylch stalon; and they have a third part of Melin Gwnnau, on which account they owe no suit at the Prince's mill. And in the said domicile there is one oxgang of escheat land, which belonged to Iorwerth ab Meirig, and which Eden ab Meirig now holds and pays for it every quarter two-pence farthing, being nine-pence -yearly; and, according to the last extent, at Easter and Michael

vassals, it would seem from the text, were obliged to supply the King, or his officers, when on their journey, out of this store.-ED. TR.

* There may be some difficulty in ascertaining the proper meaning of these terms; but it is certain from the context, that they have reference to the services which the tenants or vassals of the crown were obliged to perform towards the King, and his attendants or officers, when travelling through the country. Cylch, which is, literally, a circle, implies, in this place, the service alluded to, because it was generally to be performed annually or at a fixed period. Cylch stalon (more properly, perhaps, ystalwyn) has been supposed to mean the duty of providing for the King's horses; cylch rhaglon, or, more accurately, rhaglawon, that of entertaining his stewards or seneschals; and cylch hebogyddion is obviously that of providing for the royal falconers, who, according to the laws of Hywel, were entitled to receive entertainment once a year from the tenants in villenage. (See "Leges Wallica," p. 24, where the very word cylch is used on the occasion.) Cylch dorgon, a mistake, we may presume, for cylch dyvrgwn, may have applied to the diversion of otter-hunting, formerly common in Wales. In the times to which this extent relates, the necessity of such services as those above noticed, from the want of that accommodation for travelling which has since become general, must be sufficiently obvious. For several valuable remarks on the nature of these cylchau see “ Mona Antiqua,” p. 129.—Ed. Tr.

mas, by equal portions, three-pence. And in the same domicile are two oxgangs of escheat-land, now in the tenure of Llywelyn ab Davydd Gethin, and the quarterly rent thereof is five-pence halfpenny. The said land was the land of Davydd Voel, {and the yearly rent, according to the last extent, is four-pence, equally at Easter and Michaelmas. And in the same township of Trev Disteiniaid are two plough-lands of native land, which was free land, and was accustomed to pay nineteen shillings and a half-penny every quarter. It now lies a frith*, in the hands of the Prince, except a certain parcel of land, which Davydd ab Goronw Ddu holds, the quarterly rent of which is five shillings and five-pence. And they owe a suit from hence to the Prince's mill of Melin Gwnnau, and pay part of their store (staurum), and no more.

In the said township of Bryndewin are also two oxgangs of escheat-land, which belonged to Davydd ab Goronw of Bryndewin, and is now in the tenure of Gruffydd ab Iorwerth Voel, who pays for it yearly, at Easter and Michaelmas, six shillings and sixpence.

7-EGLWYSAEL, or LLANGADWALADR.

This township is free, and is held of St. Cadwaladrt, and it contains two domiciles, called the domicile of Ithel ab Tanhaiarn and the domicile of Sanfraid ab Tanhaiarn.

The heirs of the said domicile of Ithel ab Tanhaiarn are Ieuan ab Bleddyn and Davydd ab Madog; they owe no yearly rent to the Prince, nor suit to the Commote and Hundred, nor do they pay relieft nor amobr. And it is said they have free mills in their own houses, but that they are bound to appear at the two great torns of the Prince annually, as well as at all other services.

And the heirs of the before-mentioned domicile of Sanfraid are Gruffydd Chwith, Ieuan ab Hwva, and others, and they owe no rent to the Prince, nor any thing else, in the same manner, as

*This word implies a forest or wood-land, also a tract of land enclosed from the mountain. It is not easy to say, in what particular sense it is here used.— ED. TR.

+ Cadwaladr was the last king of the Britons. He abdicated the throne in 686, and went to Rome, where he died in 703. He is said to have founded the church at Llangadwaladr; and over the south door, on a large flat stone, is the following inscription,-" Catamanus Rex sapientissimus optimatissimus omnium regnum," which has been thought to apply to Cadvan, grandfather of Cadwaladr, who may have been buried here. The inscription bears internal evidence, from the form of the letters, of being of great antiquity. See a copy of it in "Mona Antiqua," p. 150.-ED. TR.

# Relief, which occurs so frequently in this extent, had various meanings in the old English laws. But it generally implied a sum of money paid by the vassal to his lord, when entering on his land; and, before the general introduction of money, reliefs were paid in horses, arms, and other commodities. Literally the word meant a relief in recovery of the land from the possession of the lord; for, according to the old feudal tenures, the feudatory held his land only for life, and upon his death it relapsed to the lord, on which account it was called feudum caducum, and hence the expression of relevare hereditatem caducam, to which the word under consideration has reference.-ED. TR.