Istaphal. [satkeba'] yustekba' yustekbi' sutekbi' mustekbū Shaphael. muskabbū [sakabba'] yuskabba yuskabbi' sukubbu' Istapael. [satkabba'] yustekabba‘yustekabbi' [sutekabbi']mustekabbū Passive Pael. kubbu' yukubba yukubbu' Pass.Shaphael.sukubu' yuskubba yuskubbi' Verbs containing -Most of the peculiarities of these have been already alluded to. In verbs, the first person singular, as well as the third person singular and plural in Kal, were represented in Assyrian by e; in Babylonian and Achæmenian i stands in the third person; the Babylonian, also, often used e-i. When preceded by u, e became u; the two us were then contracted into u in Assyrian, though not in Babylonian, e.g. ullā Assyrian, u'ulla Babylonian. The second radical may also be irregularly doubled in Niphal. This is only found in the Achæmenian period: the older inscriptions omit the characteristic altogether. Verbs have been already considered under concave verbs, from which they do not differ. The Babylonian inscriptions insert e in the Imperative, as se'ebi. PERMANSIVE. PRESENT. AORIST. IMPERATIVE. PARTICIPLE. Iphteal. etbus etappas etebus etpis mutepisu ni(b)bis munebisu nitebis mutebasu ubbis mubbisu yutebbas yutebbis muttebbisu yusebis subis musebisu suttebis mustebisu Iphtaal. Verbs doubly defective.-These may be divided into four classes : (1.) ' and '; as nasu, nadu, nábu, nagu, naku, nadhu, naru, naśu. (2.) No♬ and 1'; as abu, adu, akhu, alu, anu, aśu, apu, atsu, aru, atu, yasu, yaru, yanu. (3.) '' and ''y; as aibu, ‘umu, ‘udu, ‘unu, uru. (4.) ''y and 15; as bavu (bu), davu, cavu, lavu, navu. 1 In (4) the second radical generally becomes a consonant: in the other cases the verbs are conjugated according to the rules already laid down; thus, isi, "I had," from XV; tsā, tsī, tsu‘u, tsa'a, Imperative of atsu, from which a syllabary gives us the following nomina verbi: atsu, atsit, tsav, satsu'u (Shaphel), sutsu'u (Passive Shaphel), tetsitu (Iphteal), sutetsu'u (Istaphal). So ibbi, "he called," from nabu. Quadriliterals.-These are comparatively few in number in Assyrian. Dr. Oppert gives the following instances: parsidu, palcitu, parzakhu, palśakhu, paśkaru, khamzatu, to which may be added kharpasu, naśkaru, śakhparu. In the Aorist verbs. with u (mostly transitives) have iśkhupir, Present iśkhupar; verbs with a (and i) (mostly intransitives) give ipalcit, for which the vulgar language had ipalaccit and iplacit. For further details see p. 52. The conjugations will be: PERMANSIVE. PRESENT. AORIST. IMPERATIVE. PARTICIPLE. mupalcitu mustapalcitu muppalcitu Saphalel. [saplacat] yuspalcat yuspalcit supalcut Niphalel. [naplacut] ippalcat Sippalcit ipparsud) nipalcat Ittaphalel. [naptelcut] ittapalcat ittapalcit natepalcat muttapalcitu Niphalella. ippalcatat ippalcitit muppalcittu 1 Not always, however. Thus bavu, "to go," is always conjugated as if it were bu; e.g. ibu, "they went," yustebā or yusteba'a, "he caused to go." THE PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES OF THE VERB. These are identical with those of the cognate languages, the third person beginning with the original sibilant, as already explained (p. 12). They are as follows: 2nd m. 2nd f. 3rd m. 3rd f. -accunu, -accun, -cunu, -cun. -accina, -accin, -cina, -cin. -assunut(u), -assunu, -assun, -sunut(u), -sunu, -sun. In the first person, the longer form -anni was used when the form of the verb ended in a consonant, and the double letter merely showed that the accent rested upon the penultimate. If the form terminated with a vowel, ni was properly used alone; e.g. isrucú-ni, "they have given to me;” ikbū-ni, "they ordered me"; yumahrá-ni," he urged me." The penultimate was long, and in order to show this a kind of Furtive Pathakh was introduced, producing isrucú-'inni, a form that is frequently met with; e.g. usazizú-'inni, "they made me strong." Inni was sometimes used even after a, though here the correct form again was ratsibá-nni, "pierce me," where the double letter only marks the accent. In later inscriptions the language approached more nearly to the Hebrew pronunciation by substituting Pathakh for i (in -inni), and expressing in the writing the hemza: thus, in the Achæmenian period we find litstsuru-h-anni, "may they protect me," itticru-h-anni, "they were estranged from me." After u, -nni was never used, as u was known to be long of itself: if, therefore, particular stress had to be laid upon the enclitic, hemza was employed as shown above. Very rarely u was dropped after first becoming w; e.g. yuraps'-inni, “they enlarged for me.” U-a became wa; accordingly, when the union-vowel a was used for the sake of emphasis, and hemza did not intervene to produce u-h-inni or u-h-anni, u was dropped altogether, so that we get yusatlimanni, "they conferred on me," for usatlimwanni. The union-vowel a, as in Hebrew and Ethiopic, is found with all the pronouns. It is the same vowel that we have in the accusative of the noun and the subjunctive aorist, and it well expresses the action of the verb passing on to the governed pronoun. Compare the union-vowel å in Ethiopic, which expresses the construct state both in the singular and the plural. Like the Æthiopic, the Assyrian has no separate form to express the dative of the pronoun. With the second person feminine, a after i is dropped, so that we get tucassipinni, "thou didst reveal to me," tucaśinni, "thou didst cover me," tu‘alinni, “thou didst exalt me." This contraction of ya into i has met us before, as in bitu for biyatu (see p. 35). Instead of the suffix ani, yati or yasi could be used as a substantive; e.g. ikbu yati (see p. 38). In the second person the same rules hold good, except that the contracted forms of the pronouns (ca, ci, etc.) may be attached to consonants. The last vowel of the second person singular masculine, and masculine and feminine plural is sometimes omitted, as in attápsac for attappisáca, and the |