'ammi ("cubits")=1 canu

(a), 2 cani=1 sa or ribu, 60 sa=1 sus, 30 sussi-1 kasbu or day's journey." Time was divided into 6 kasbu(mi) of the day and 6 of the night, a kasbu being 2 hours. The year contained 12 months of 30 days each, together with an intercalary Ve-Adar. At the end of certain cycles there were also a second Nisan and a second Elul. According to the lunar division, the 7th, 14th, 19th, 21st, and 28th were days of "rest" (sulum), on which certain works were forbidden; and the two lunations were divided each into three periods of 5 days, the 19th ending the first period of the 2nd lunation.

The tonnage of ships was reckoned by the gurru; thus we have ships of 15 and 60 gurri.

=

According to Dr. Hincks, the iku was 47% grains, 30 iki -1 cibu (129 grs.), 60 cibi=1 maneh (mana), 60 manehs= 1 heavy talent (bilatu) (950,040 grs.). Half a talent, or a light talent (of 30 manehs), was the biru or tsiptu (479,520 grs.). The talent was according to the standard either of Assyria ("the royal talent" or "the talent of the country ") or of Carchemish. Money was weighed, and there was a different talent for gold and for silver.

For measures of capacity the Assyrians possessed the lagit or log of 3 standards, which contained respectively 10, 9, and 8 subdivisions called ka. Land and grain were equally measured by this lagit (tuv), whose fractional parts are given as the baru (or "half"), the aru, and the arrat. The arrat was also a measure divided into the "baru of wood," and the "baru of stone," and the latter into ka.

THE PREPOSITIONS.

These are generally shortened roots; and, not being part of the stock of the primitive Semitic speech, naturally differ in the different dialects, which have set apart various substantives more or less stereotyped to express the relations of the several parts of a sentence.

99 66

ana

"to,"

In Assyrian the simple prepositions are :— "for"; ina "in," "by," "with" (instrumental); inna, “in”; innannu, "from"; itti "along with; ultu or istu "from"; adi "up to"; ela "over"; eli "upon"; elan or illan "beyond"; assu "in," "by," on account of"; cuv "instead of"; ullanu "before"; ullanumma "upon"; "illamu "before"; tiq "behind," "from," "of"; pan "before"; sa "of"; baliv, balu, "without"; ema "around," "over"; elat "except"; dikhi "opposite"; nir "below," "near," "against"; erti "against"; sepu "below"; "ulli "among"; mikhrit "among"; ci-la "without"; saptu, cibit, "by the help of"; śikharti "throughout"; nemidu "towards"; arci "after"; tsir "against," "upon"; illu "upon"; birid and cirib, kirib, "within"; akhar "behind"; makhri "before"; ci and ci pi according to (the mouth)"; cima, tuma, "like"; limet, li, "near"; sar (im) "from"; ana sar "to." Most of these are still used as mere substantives, as sepu "foot," nir "foot," mikhrit "presence," tiku "rear," some being adjectives, as tsiru "supreme," "above," and one, sa, the relative. Itti, ci, adi, and eli agree with the Hebrew; but Ewald's explanation of the final - from the final of the root will not hold, as the Assyrian in that case would be -u. It can hardly be the plural, again, but, as in arci, will be a case-ending, like li and

66

bi in Arabic. Adi stands for edi, like agu and еди. Cum is cumu "heap." 'Assu is rare, and is apparently of Accadian origin. 'Ina and 'ana, with their lengthened forms inna and 'anna (?), are objective cases of the old nouns 'inu and ‘anu, 'ina being identical with the Hebrew from. In

ultu or istu the case-ending is abnormally retained (so assu). Ultu is formed from the Pael, istu from the Kal, of N, WN, perhaps, like N, tu being the feminine suffix.3 Ulli, ullānu are rather from the Pael of, than from the pronoun 'ullu; so also 'illamu (for elamu) and elat. Neru is properly "yoke," sepu "foot," saptu "lip." As in the cognate languages, ci is generally used instead of cima; we also find sometimes li, an, el, and it (see p. 10). Before a Vowel the final vowel of the preposition is rarely elided, as in ult-ulla ("from that"=) "from old time," ad-ussi “to the foundations."

Attu, the Hebrew, with the accusative of the pronoun, is found only in the later period, and bears witness to the Aramaising of the language.

The compound prepositions are numerous. Thus we meet with ina cirib "in the midst of"; ina libbi "in the midst of"; ana itti "to be with"; ultu pani "from before"; ultu cirib, ultu libbi, "from the midst of"; ina pan "from before"; ina suki "in front of"; ina bibil, ina biblat, bibil,

1 This is borne out by the existence of other cases like balu, saptu, 'ana, ela, ema (DV), etc., and the occurrence of the mimmation in baliv. So, too, words like tigulti, when used as a compound preposition_with ina, show the same fact. Cf., on the contrary, Philippi, Wesen u. Urspr. d. Stat. Const., p. 107.

2 According to Philippi, 'ina is a weakened 'ana from the demonstrative root 'an (nu).

3 See, however, p. 135, in which case istu would=estu from WWN, like assu perhaps (p. 9).

biblat, "in the midst of"; ina khatstsi "in the time, presence of"; ina nirib, nirib, "near"; ina eli "above"; ina la “for want of"; ana la "not to be"; ina tsat "after"; ana erti "to the presence of"; ana sar "to"; lapan, lapani, "from," “before”; ina anni "at this (time)"; ina adi dhemi “by command of."

Lapani is hardly identical with the Hebrews,

.( לוה)

as the preposition is li, not la; and we cannot assume a change of vowel, such as we have in Hebrew ló (= la-hu; so Ethiopic la). Li, however, is contracted from limet, limu (1). From the same root comes lamu " a clay-tablet," and in this way I would explain lam or lav in an inscription of Assurizir-pal, where we read lav samsi napakhi “close upon sunrise." From this lav we get la in lapan.

THE INTERJECTIONS.

Of these I have only noticed 'a “O," and ninu "behold," ninu-su "behold him." We may add also adu "now," "thus."

THE ADVERBS.

These, like the prepositions, are fossilised noun-cases. Generally the accusative is the case used, as in Ethiopic and Arabic. Thus we have bela "copiously," bazza "as rubbish," palcă "amply," and most adverbs of place and time. The (original) mimmation is also found (as in Hebrew and Arabic). Dr. Oppert quotes cusvam "in a covert manner," rub'am "greatly," cainam "strongly." Rarely the second case is employed instead of the third; e.g. batstsi "in ruin,"

makhri "before," arci "afterwards."

The mimmation is

also found here; e.g. labirim(ma) "of old (and)," "through decay (and)," by the side of labaris.

The most common mode of forming the adverb in Assyrian is by the termination is. Dr. Oppert has happily explained this by the contracted third personal pronoun attached to the second case, which is here used as though a preposition had preceded. This actually appears in some rare cases, e.g. ana daris (see further on). Analogous are the Ethiopic adverbs formed by the third pronoun suffix, like kadim-û “first,” cant-û "in vain." Dr. Oppert refers also to the Hebrew i. Everywhere the inscriptions offer us words like rabis iba.

greatly," ezzis "strongly," namris "brightly," abubis “like a whirlwind," naclis "completely," elis "above," saplis "below," cacabis "like a star." Sometimes the adverbial termination is attached to the plural in -an; thus tilanis "in heaps," khurśanis "completely," sadanis "like mountains." In the last case, as often elsewhere, the adverbs preserve old forms which have been lost in the noun.

...

The most common adverbs of place and time are as follows:-Umma "thus," "that"; ar-umma, ya-umma, and umma la, "never"; umma assu "because " ; allu, alla, alla-sa, "then," "afterwards"; sa,. ci-sa, "when"; eninna "again"; arci" afterwards"; adi “till”; zis as of old"; tsatis "in future"; ina yumi suma "at that time"; makhri, panama "formerly"; matema "in times past"; lu-mahdu, lu-mad, "much"; sanumma, sanamma, "in a foreign land," "elsewhere"; cihám "thus"; calama "of all kinds"; enuva "at that time," "when"; ultu ulla and ullâna "from that time," "from of old"; udina "at the same time."