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(2532, et seq.), it must be quite clear that the variety of every order, keeping to first principles, has not been yet exhausted, neither is it likely to be so.

TABLE OF THE PARTS OF THE GRECIAN DORIC (PARTHENON).

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2572. The minutia of the Grecian Doric, as we have just observed, cannot be given in a general work of this nature. In its smaller refinements it requires plates on a much larger scale than this volume allows. The reader, therefore, must be referred to Stuart's Antiquities of Athens (original edition), and the publications of the Dilettanti Society, for further information on the subject of the Grecian Doric. All that was here possible was to give a general idea of the order. In the figure, E is the section of the capitals of the inner columns of the temple on a larger scale. DD relate to the principal columns. F is a section of one of the antæ or pilasters to double the scale of the capital. The centre intercolumniation 4 modules, from axis to axis of columns. The principal Grecian Doric examples are-the Parthenon, the temple of Theseus, the propylæum and the portico of the Agora at Athen the temple of Minerva at Sunium; the temple at Corinth; of Jupiter Nemæus, between Argos and Corinth; temple of Apollo and portico of Philip in the island of Delos; the temple of Jupiter Panhellenius at Egina, and of Apollo Epicurius at Phigalia; the two temples at Selinus; that of Juno Lucina and Concord at Agrigentum; the temple at Egesta, and the three temples at Pæstum. (See 142, et seq.)

SECT. V.

THE IONIC ORDER.

2573. Of the Ionic order there are many extant examples, both Grecian and Roman; and, except the debased later examples of the latter, there is not that wide difference between them that exists between the Grecian and Roman Doric. The Ionic has been considered as deficient in appearance as compared with the other orders, on account of

the irregularity of its capital, which, on the return, presents difficulties in use. These difficulties are not obviated by the practice of the Greeks, who made an angular volute on each extremity of the principal façade, and then returned the face of the capital. With all our respect for Greek art, we think the expedient, though ingenious, a deformity; albeit, in the case of the type being a timber architrave, we must admit that the face of the capital should lie in the direction of the superincumbent beam.

2574. In the example given (fig. 884.) we have, as in the examples of the preceding

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orders, selected the profile of Vignola as the most elegant of the moderns; and the reader will here recollect that in the Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite orders, the module or semidiameter of the column is divided into 18 parts. In the figure, A is a plan of the sofite of the cornice, and B a plan of the capital. The method of tracing the volute will be given in a subsequent figure: previous to which, as in the orders already given, we subjoin a table, showing the heights and projections of the parts of the order.

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The flutes in this order are separated by a listel.

2575. The letters to the leading divisions of the above table refer to the fig. 885., wherein the parts are drawn to a larger scale, and wherein I is the eye of the volute, presently to be described.

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2576. Fig. 886. shows the method of drawing the volute, the centre of whose eye, as it is called, is found by the intersection of an horizontal line from E, the bottom of the

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echinus, with a vertical from D, the extremity of the cyma reversa. On the point of intersection, with a radius equal to one part, describe a circle. Its vertical diameter is called the cathetus, and forms the diagonal of a square, whose sides are to be bisected, and through the points of bisection (see I, fig. 885.) the axes 1, 3 and 2, 4 are to be drawn, each being divided into 6 equal parts. The points thus found will serve for drawing the exterior part of the volute. Thus, placing the point of the compasses in the point 1, with the radius 1D, the quadrant DA is described. With the radius 2A another quadrant may be described, and so on. Similarly, the subdivisions below the points used for the outer lines of the volute serve for the inner lines. The total height of the volute is 16 parts of a module, whereof 9 are above the horizontal from E, and 7 below it.

2577. Vitruvius, according to some authors, has not given any fixed measures to the pedestal of this order. Daniel Barbaro, however, his commentator, seems to think otherwise; and, on this head, we shall therefore follow him. The height of the pedestal is made nearly a third part (including its base and cymatium) of the height of the column. To the base of the column he assigns half a diameter, and to the shaft itself nearly 8 diameters, its surface being cut into 24 flutes, separated by fillets from each other. His method of describing the volute is not now thoroughly understood; and it is, perhaps, of little importance to trouble ourselves to decypher his directions, seeing that the mode of forming it is derived from mathematical principles, as well understood now as in the days of the author. The architrave he leaves without any fixed dimensions, merely saying that it must be larger or smaller according to the height of the columns. He prescribes, however, that the architrave, frieze, and cornice should together be somewhat less than a sixth part of the height of the column, with its base and capital. The total height he makes the order, according to our measures, is 25 modules and nearly 9 parts.

2578. Palladio gives to the pedestal 2 diameters and nearly two thirds of the height of the column. He adopts the attic, though without rejecting the Ionic base, and makes it half a diameter high, adding to it a small bead, which he comprises in the height of the shaft, which he makes 8 diameters in height. To the architrave, frieze, and cornice, taken together, he assigns a little less than one fifth of the height of the column, including its base and capital, and makes the projection of the cornice equal to its height. The total height of the order, in our measures, is, according to him, 27 modules and nearly 8 parts. 2579. Serlio, in this order more than any of the others, varies from Vitruvius. To the pedestal he gives, including base, die, and cymatium, a little more than a third part of the height of the column, with its base and capital. To the shaft of the column he gives 7 diameters, and diminishes it a sixth part of its diameter. His capital is that of Vitruvius, as far as we can understand that master. His mode of constructing the volute differs from other authors. His directions are, that having found the cathetus, which passes through the centre of the eye, it must be divided into eight parts, from the abacus downwards, one whereof is to be the size of the eye of the volute, four remain above the eye, and three below that part comprised below the eye. The cathetus is then divided into six parts, properly numbered by figures from 1 to 6. With one point of the compasses in 1, and the other extended to the fillet of the volute, he describes a semicircle, and so on with semicircles consecutively from 2 to 6, which will ultimately fall into the eye of the volute. We cannot speak in high terms of Serlio's method, and therefore have thought it unnecessary to accompany the description with a figure. It is rather a clumsy method, and we fear, if exhibited in a figure, would not satisfy our readers of its elegance. The height of his architrave, frieze, and cornice together is a little less than a fourth part of the height of the column, including the base and capital. The whole height of his order, in our measures, is 25 modules and 6 parts.

2580. Scamozzi directs that the pedestal shall be with its base and cornice two diameters and a half of the column. He uses the attic base, and, like Palladio, gives an astragal above the upper torus. To the shaft of the column he assigns a height of little less than 8 diameters, and makes its diminution a sixth part of the diameter. He adopts the angular capital, something like the example of that in the temple of Fortuna Virilis. The height of his architrave, frieze, and cornice is a little less than a fifth part of the height of the column, with its base and capital. The total height of his order, in our measures, is 26 modules.

2581. The principal examples of the Grecian Ionic are in the temples of Minerva Polias, of Erectheus, and the aqueduct of Hadrian, at Athens; in the temple of Minerva Polias at Priene; of Bacchus at

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Fig. 887.

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