22852. CARPENTER AND JOINER. For other floors.-Wall plates, 6 inches by 4 inches; girders; joists according to the kind of floor; trimmers and trimming joists; all which, with their requisite se ntlings, will be found in Practical Carpentry. (2013 et seq.) Cradling to the girders and such parts as may be necessary to form panels and coffers on the under side for the ceiling, if such be practised. State if the girders are to be trussed. Cock down all girders on the wall plates. Pin bridging joists to binders with 3-inch oak pins. Wall plates to roofs should be at least 6 inches by 6 inches. The different timbers of the several sorts of roofs are described in Practical Carpentry, and scantlings given. (2027, et seq.) Ceiling joists to be described. Hips and ridges rounded for lead ought to be 10 inches by 2 inches. The trusses of roofs are to be framed as shown, and of timbers of the scantlings respectively figured (or as here specified). They are to be mortised, tenoned, arched, notched, moulded, chamfered, and stopped, as shown on the detail drawings; and to be bolted and strapped with wrought iron straps, forged with ornamental ends; all bolts to have washers and nuts, notched as shown. The curved ribs (if any) to be put together in (three) thicknesses, so as to break joint, to be wrought all over, and the joints to be tongued. These (three) thicknesses are to be screwed close together with long screws, and bolted with 3-inch bolts between each joint. The centre thickness to be tenoned into the timbers on which it abuts. Tongue a bold 3-inch bead to underside of same. The hammer-beams (if any) are to be cogged down upon the wall plates, and framed to the ribs, and bolted, as shown. The principals are to be notched and tenoned to the hammer-beams, and well spiked to ribs, and tenoned together and pinned at top. The collars (if any) are to be firmly tenoned into and spiked to principals. The purlins are to be notched down and housed into the principals on each side, and spiked. The king-post, or queen-posts, are to be framed in the usual manner. All the timbers of the roofs exposed to view are to be wrought, and the angles moulded, or chamfered, or stop chamfered. All roofs (if exposed to view) to be boarded above the rafters with inch wrought matched V jointed boarding, laid diagonally, and securely nailed to rafters and covered with (asphalted) felt (or specify, to lath on the top of rafters and plaster between the same). Lay battens 3 inches by 1 inch over the boarding or laths, on the back of every rafter, and on the battens lay 3 inch by 1 inch slating battens (or double oak tiling laths if the roof be tiled), fixed to a proper gauge for the sized slates required. Where close boarding is used, it should not be less than to an inch thick. If battens for slating, they should be 2 inches wide; the first should be nailed with eightpenny nails. Provide lear boards. On many accounts the Italian method of laying the rafters horizontally as so many purlins is to be preferred. For the boarding not lying lengthwise towards the gable, any wet that may find its way on to it from defective slates or lead, is not apt to ledge against and rot the edges. Flats.-Wall plates usually 6 by 6. Trimmers and trimming joists against chimneys, and where skylights occur. 1-inch yellow deal boarding, listed, free from sapwood, laid with a current of 1 inch to 10 feet lineal, with 2 drips to heading joints, of lead rolls to longitudinal joints, and inch yellow deal risers not less than 4 inches wide next the gutter. Gutters to the roof, or roofs, are to be as shown on the plan, with inch yellow deal bottoms on strong fir bearers, and laid with a current of 1 inches to every 10 feet; 2 rebated drips, and at the sides to have 3-inch deal lear boards, 9 inches wide. Gutter boards are rarely more than 14 inches thick. Gutter plates, if any, to be described, but they should never be used without support from below. Trim for trap doors, size as shown, if any, leading to the inside of the roof Dormers thereto on to roof, with all necessary framing. Cheeks, doors, beaded stops and linings, and ironmongery. Boarding for slating or lead to top and cheeks, as the case may be. Dormers may be similarly described for windows in the roof. Quartered partitions, where shown on the plan, with heads and sills 4 inches by 4 inches. Ties above the doors 4 inches by 5 inches. Posts 4 inches by 33 inches. Braces or struts 3 inches square. Quarters 4 inches by 2 inches, and three tiers of interties, 1 inch by 2 inches. In cases where partitions are to be trussed for carrying either their own or some additional weight, reference must be made to drawings. Battening to external walls, usually from inch to 14 inch thick; their widths 24 inches, fixed from 7 to 12 inches apart. If bond timber is not used to nail them to, plugs, or fixings, to be let into the wall. 22855. CARPENTER AND JOINER. Bracketing and cradling is usually, for cornices, coves, &c., 14 inch thick; for enta blatures, circular sotites, and waggon-headed ceilings, 1 to 2 inches thick. All bearers to be fixed and provided as shall be necessary. Weather boarding, 3-inch or 6 boards to a 3-inch yellow deal, wrought or wrought and beaded; or 1-inch or 4 boards to a 3-inch deal. Louvre or Luffer boarding of 1-inch deal, wrought two sides and splayed. Warehouse posts must be described with their relation to the weight they are to carry (see BEAMS AND PILLARS, 1635, et seq.), the caps 3 feet long, with splayed ends, so that the posts may not press into the girders; and iron dowels should pass through the girders to catch the bases of the posts in the floor above. Fir story posts are usually about 9 inches square. Water trunks are made from 4 to 6 inches or more square, of 3-inch to 14-inch deal; to be pitched and fixed complete, with hopper heads and shoes, wall hooks. hold-fasts, &c. Park paling is of the following varieties: 4-feet oak cleft pales, 2 arris rails and oak posts; 5-feet oak cleft pales, &c.; and 6 feet oak cleft pales, 3 arris rails and oak posts. Described oak plank at the bottom, and oak capping at top, if required. These may be of battens for better floors. Floors. 1 inch white (or yellow) deal, wrought, and laid folding. Also of bat tens. Also of battens. 14-inch white (or yellow) deal battens, edge nailed, and tongued headings. Warehouse floors. 14-inch yellow deal, rough, edges shot. 14-inch yellow deal, wrought, and laid folding. 1-inch yellow deal, wrought, and straight joint and splayed headings. 2-inch yellow deal, rough, edges shot, and 2-inch yellow deal, wrought, and laid folding. 2-inch yellow deal, wrought, and laid straight joint, and splayed headings. All these last may be ploughed, rebated, and feather-tongued. Put to... . . floors (or to the whole, if desired) sound boarding of 3-inch rough deal fixed upon fillets, to receive the pugging. (See 2287a.) Floors of inlaid or parquetry work to be specially describe according to drawings. In churches, the floors under the seats are usually of wood, and require rebated and chamfered oak margins, 6 inches by 4 inches, laid flat wise, where they abut upon paved floors. These margins are to be mortised or dowelled to receive bench ends, and the wood floors to be kept 3 inches above the tile floors on which they abut. See wood block floors. 1-inch Skirtings.--inch (or 3-inch) deal square. 3-inch (or 1-inch) deal torus. (or 14-inch) deal square; or 1-inch deal square skirting, rebated and backed plinth, with fillet nailed to floor. 14-inch deal torus; or 14-inch deal torus skirting, rebated and backed plinth, with fillet nailed to floor. If any of these, as to stairs, are raking, and to be scribed to steps, they must be so described, and if ramped or scribed to moulded nosings, or circular on plan. Dado, nailed to ground: 3, 1-inch, and 14-inch deal keyed. 14 inch deal keyed ploughed and tongued, or feather-tongued, if required. Mention if they are to be scribed to steps, circular on plan, and wreathed, or ramped. Dadoes are now made of framed wainscot, in panels, &c., according to drawings. Wainscoting, with fascia and skirting.-1-inch deal, square framed; and perhaps dwarf. 1-inch deal, square framed; and perhaps dwarf. 1-inch deal, bead butt (or moulded), or bead flush. The number of panels high to be specified. State if any to be made raking, or to have a beaded or moulded capping. Partitions of deal for the division of rooms. 1-inch deal board, and braced with 4-inch panels. 13-inch deal, rough and ledged edges shot. These are seldom made. 1-inch deal, wrought both sides, and ploughed; or tongued and beaded. 1-inch, bead butt, moulded and square; or bead flush and square both sides. or moulled 2285c. CARPENTER AND JOINER. 2-inch, square framed; or bead butt or moulded and square; or bead flush and square; or moulded both siles; or moulded and bead flush; or bead flush and bead butt; or lead flush on both sides. Grounds.-Those of 3-inch deal, of 1-inch deal, of 11-inch deal, of 14-inch deal, and whether circular; also 1-inch, 11-inch, and 11⁄4-inch skeleton grounds (par. 2166). Door cases are usually about 5 by 5 inches for basements; should be of oak in preference to fir. They fit, or are fixed, into the brickwork, and should be tenoned (the tenon being pitched or set in white lead) into a stone step or threshold; any wood sill soon rots. Door linings.-These are either plain, the commoner sort; or framed, for better work. 1-inch deal, single rebated; or double rebated (that is, so that the door may hang on either side). 11-inch deal, single rebated; or double rebated. 15-inch deal, single rebated; or double rebated. Either of the foregoing may be beaded on the edge. 1-inch, square framed in one panel and double rebated: and bead butt or moulded: and bead flush. 1-inch, square framed in one panel and double rebated: and bead butt or moulded and bead flush. If the panels in the linings are to be raised, to correspond with panels of doors, they must be so described. Framed back linings are-1-inch deal, two panel square; and bead butt. 1-inch Window backs, elbows, and sofites.-1-inch deal, keyed; or framed square. dows. 14-inch deal, square framed sofite, with one edge circular. Applicable to bay win- Shutter boxings.-1-inch deal, splayed boxings; 1-inch deal, proper boxings; 14-inch Shutters to windows.-3-inch deal, ledged or clamped; and may be in two heights. 2285d. CARPENTER AND JOINER. String boards to staircases to receive the ceilings of stairs (called strings).-1-inch deal, framed; or framed, rebated, and beaded. 14-inch deal, framed string board; or sunk and beaded. 14-inch deal, framed string board, sunk, beaded, and moulded; and mitred to risers. 1-inch deal, wreathed outside, string glued upright, rebated, and beaded; and sunk; and moulded. The string may be glued up in thicknesses; and also plain or moulded circular cuttings or ramps. 1-inch (or 1-inch; or 1 inch; or 2-inch) deal, plain wall string; and these may be moulded. The principal staircase to have 14-inch pitch pine (or other) treads, with rounded nosing and hollow moulding under same, and inch risers, glued and blocked to fir carriages; the ends of the steps to be housed into 14-inch wall strings, and 2-inch outer string boards, sunk and staff beaded, and finished at the top with a boldly moulded capping, framed at the bottom and corners into 6-inch square newels, with moulded finials, bases, and pendents, as drawing. Boldly moulded oak handrail, 4 inches wide and 6 inches deep, with 13-inch square oak balusters, stop chamfered. The landings to be formed by joists resting upon boldly moulded stopped beams, es shown on sections. Handrails to staircases.-1-inch (or 1 inch; or 2-inch) deal, plain wreathed. These may be moulded; as deal moulded 24-inch handrail; or 24-inch handrail, ramped (or circular where required); or 2-inch handrail, wreathed and twisted. Spanish (or Honduras) mahogany (or wainscot) moulded handrail. To be described with all necessary ramps, circular and twist, or with scroll and twist to the curtail step. Mention if grooved for balusters, circular, or sunk for iron cores, mitred and turned caps. Balusters and newels.--Deal square framed newels; or chamfered. Single and double turnings to newels to be mentioned, as also pendent drops, when used. Deal square bar balusters; or dovetailed. Turned balusters, according to drawing, or selected from manufacturers' patterns. Planceer rounded on both edges; or moulded. Fix all necessary iron balusters and stays. Sash frames are of great variety. Deal cased frame for 1-inch sashes, oak (or deal) sunk sill with brass (or other) pulleys for single hanging. Ditto, for double hanging. Ditto, ditto, with circular head. Ditto, circular on plan (and with circular head). Deal cased frames for 2-inch sashes, oak (or deal) sunk sills with brass pulleys for single hanging. Ditto, for double banging (and circular on head and plan, or either). Deal cased frames for 2-inch sashes, oak (or deal) sunk sills with wainscot (or deal) pulley pieces and beads, brass axle pulleys prepared to hang double; and if circular on head and plan (or either). Deal cased frames for 2-inch sashes, oak sunk sills, mahogany pulley pieces and beads with brass axle pulleys, prepared to hang double. Ditto, for 24-inch sashes; and if circular on head and plan (or either). Venetian frames.-Deal cased frames for 1-inch sashes, oak sunk sills, prepared to hang single (or double). And if circular on plan and head (or either). The above serves for 2-inch and 24-inch sashes; and if wainscot or mahogany. Casement frames for French casements.-Fir solid wrought frames for 1-inch (or 2-inch) casements, oak sunk sills (plain or circular on the plan, as the case may be). Ditto, with wainscot or mahogany stiles and beads, to correspond with the sashes. Ditto, for 2-inch sashes. Fanlight frames over doors.-1-inch deal frames, square framed. Ditto, semicircular head. 2-inch deal, square framed. Ditto, semicircular head. If elliptical, so describe them. Sashes.--14-inch deal ovolo (with circular head or circular on plan). 2-inch deal ovolo (ditto). 2-inch deal astragal and hollow (ditto). 23-inch deal astragal and hollow (ditto). These may be moulded according to drawing. The above may be of wainscot, Honduras or Spanish mahogany; also to be hung single or double, with patent lines and iron (or lead) weights, and sash-fastenings (patent to be named) complete. French casements-2-inch deal ovolo casements. They may have marginal lights, or be circular on plan, or both; or if with astragal and hollow. The same of 2-inch, with the same modifications. The above may be of wainscot, Honduras or Spanish mahogany. The hanging is commonly with 4-inch iron, or brass, butt hinges; the species of fastening at a price from five to twenty shillings. When Espagnolette fastenings are used, they must be particularly specified. Shop-fronts vary so much that their thicknesses will only be noticed. They range from 1 to 24 inches; the forms of their horizontal sections must be stated, or to be executed according to the drawings. Metal bars are now largely used. 2285e. CARPENTER AND JOINER. For revolving wood or iron shutters, the particulars of the manufacturers had best be obtained. Stull-board, and other shop-fittings, &c., of the like nature, are to be described with reference to the drawings, or to the manufacturer. The ceilings of the principal rooms:-after they are plastered, to be divided into square panels about... feet square, by nailing thereon hollowed fillets 2 inches by 1 inch (or more), neatly scribed at intersections, with staff beads 1 inch (or more) diameter, nailed along the centre of the same, mitred at intersections, and conveyed round walls as a cornice. Care to be taken in laying the joists so that they may form nailing points for these panel ribs. Friezes and cradling for cornices should be referred to drawings, specifying their height. Skylights.-The common sort are, 1-inch deal ovolo skylight (and hipped, and with Kerbs for skylights.-14-inch kerbs to (circular) skylights in two thicknesses, The back, or side entrance, door to be 14-inch, framed, ledged, and braced, covered The internal doors may be of the following varieties:-1-inch four-panelled, with hollow on the room side, and 3-inch diagonal V boarding next the hall or passage; to be hung with fleur-de-lis or ornamental wrought iron hinges, made to clasp the door so as to show on both sides, and fastened with wrought iron latches and ornamental drop rings. 13-inch four panelled, square framed, stop chamfered, filled in with upright or diagonal V-jointed boarding, and hung on hinges as previously specified. 1-inch deal 1-panel square door. 1-inch deal 1-panel square door, folding. These are rarely used. 14-inch, 2 panels, square; and bead butt and square; and bead flush and square; 13-inch deal, 2 panels, square, follows in the same order. 23-inch deal follows in the same order. 1-inch deal, 4 panels, follows in the same order. 2 inch deal, 4 panels, follows in the same order. 24 inch deal, 4 panels, follows in the same order. 1-inch deal, 6 panels, follows in the same order; and so on. |
