2284a. MASON. body of the walls to be filled in with strong concrete, composed of 1 part of ground stone lime and ô parts of clean sharp gravel, filling in interstices. At every 2 feet 6 inches in height a double course of bricks is to be set in mortar, and at every 8 feet 6 inches in height a bonding through stone, from 10 inches to 1 foot 3 inches deep, is to be fixed. Small stone chippings may be mixed with the gravel forming the concrete.

Regularity in the quoin stones is not desired, but they may be worked and set in any reasonable scantling so as best to bond in, and harmonise with, the intermediate rubble. The upper beds of the stones to be laid with a slight inclination outwards, and as close as their nature will allow. Every precaution is to be taken to avoid risk of the settling of the work from imperfect beds and open joints. The work is to be carried up regularly all round the building. In the case of a church with a tower, the walls of the latter are to be specified to be built up very slowly and without being bonded into those of the church, but are to have slip joints or chases worked in them for forming the connection; this is in all cases to be so free as to allow for the settlement of the masonry without injury to the work in the church walls; with this exception, no part of any wall is at any time to be raised more than three feet higher than another, during the progress of the works. The walls of the tower of a church are to built quite solid, and inverted arches are to be turned under all the large apertures therein. All flat headed apertures are to be covered with York (or other) lintels, of thickness proportionate to the width of the opening.

A cornice and blocking course, scantling . . . by . . ., moulded, to be provided according to the drawings, the bed to be such that the weight of each block of stone in the projecting part shall not be equal to that on the bed by one-fourth of its cubic contents. The same to be executed according to the drawings; to have proper sunk water joints, and to be channelled and plugged with lead at all the joints. String-courses to be inches by . . . inches, throated and bevelled on the upper face, and the joints plugged with lead.

...

Blocking course, as shown on the drawings, . . . inches high, . . . thick on the bed, and on the top, plugged with lead at all the joints, with solid block at the quoins, returned at least 24 inches.

The quoins, jambs, string-courses, hoodmoulds, buttress weatherings, copings, and dressings generally, to be strictly worked according to detail drawings, and to be dragged, chopped, tooled, or rubbed (according to the quality of the stone) so as to be truly worked in every particular.

All the tracery and mouldings to be set out full size, and cut and set to the right jointing, as approved by the architect or the clerk of the works. Face the walls of

with Minton's glazed (or other) tiles, value . . . per yard superficial, to be secured with cramps of stout copper wire inserted in holes in edges of the tiles.

All the paving tiles to be of the best quality, free from blemishes; to be set in Roman cement, and to have all cement removed from their face after the work is finished; the edges of the tiles to be rubbed, where necessary, to ensure neatness, and care is to be taken that the tiles are not injured by the workmen after they are laid.

The base mouldings of the tower, jambs, and arches of the windows and doors throughout the building, and whatsoever parts are tinted... upon the elevations, are to be of tooled or dragged masonry.

The plinths, eaves, string courses, and the labels over the windows and doors, are to be of Ketton (or other suitable) stone, finished with a dragged or tooled face. The coping of the gables to be of Bramley Fall (or other stone that is not porous), worked as shown, and the apices of the (here enumerate which) gables to be surmounted by crosses worked in Ketton or other stone, according to drawing, set with copper dowels.

Balustrades to be provided of the heights and sizes shown on the drawings. The balusters to be wrought out of one stone, allowing at least one inch of joggle at their ends into the plinth and impost. All the vertical joints to be well plugged with lead; the imposts to be cramped with cast iron (or bell metal), and the whole to be securely fixed. The half balusters to be worked out of the same block of stone as their adjoining pedestal.

Columns and pilasters, with their pedestals, capitals, bases, plinths, &c., and entablature, to be fixed as shown on the drawings. The columns and pilasters to be monoliths, or not to be in courses of more than . . . blocks of stone. The architraves to be joggled from those resting on the columns or pilasters themselves, and these as well as the frieze and cornice to break joint over the architrave. The architraves, if blocks of stone can be supplied large enough, to be in one block from

22846. MASON.

centre to centre of column, with return architraves in like manner. The whole of the entablature (as well as the pediment, if any) to be executed with all requisite joggles and cramps (and if a pediment, the apex to be in one s'one). The pilasters (if any) to be bonded not less than . . . inches into the wall, against which they are placed in every other course. The sofites of the portico to be, as shown on the plan and sections, formed into panels and ornamented. Provide and let into the top of the architrave good and sufficient chain bars, with stubs on the other side for letting into every stone composing the architrave.

The caps and bases to piers to be in large stones. The caps and bases to dwarf shafts (if any), and the corbels under wall pieces or other roof timbers, to be well pinned into walls, and sunk and dowelled to receive shafts or timbers.

If a portico is shown, to provide and fix of solid. . . stone. . . steps round the portico, scantling. by ., properly back-jointed and worked all over; and within the portico to provide and fix a complete landing of stone, at least 4 inches thick (or less, if a small portico), in slabs, as shown. The joints of the steps and landings are to be joggled and run with lead. If the portico be very large, it is not necessary to make the frieze solid, but concealed arches should be turned in the space from column to column to support the superincumbent weight of the cornice and pediment. If the columns are fluted, it must be mentioned. When a pediment, the tympanum may be described to be faced with ashlaring.

To construct and fix dressings and sills to the external windows and doors, as shown on the drawings, with all such throated, sunk, moulded, carved, rebated, and other work as may be necessary.

To describe sills generally :

...

Sills to .. windows of... stone, 9 by 6 inches. To . . . windows moulded and of. . . stone, 14 by 8 inches. To . . . windows of Aberdeen granite, fin-ly tooled, 14 by 9 inches. To . . . windows of . . . stone, 9 by 5 inches. All sills are to be properly sunk, weathered, and throated, and at each end to be 4 inc! es longer than the opening.

...

The tower and spire to be carefully carried out in accordance with detailed drawings. The spire to spring from squinch arches or from the solid broaches (or as the case may be), and gradually reduced towards the top, each stone to be wrought and cut to its through bed and inclination of its plane, the parts (as shown) to be in solid ashlar and carefully tailed and bonded. The bands, mouldings, cornices, strings, &c., to be worked as shown, and continued round; the storm lights to be formed with solid sills, heads, &c. ; the vane to drop through the finial and to be securely fixed. The windows of the tower and the storm lights of the spire to be grooved for louvres of wood or slates (or to be filled in with thin slabs of stone with ornamental piercings).

Turn relieving arches over all arches of nave, chancel, &c., formed of different coloured stones, arranged as directed, and form bands, diapers, crosses, &c., of same where shown. The stones for parti-coloured work to be Pennant, Caen, Temple Quiting, Red Forest of Dean, Silver Grey Forest of Dean, Red Mansfield, Whinstone, or Blue Warwickshire stone (or local stone, if of suitable colour). Provide shafts where shown of Derbyshire, Devonshire, Purbeck, or other marble, or of alabaster, serpentine, Aberdeen or Peterhead granite (or other material as may be selected), to be well polished, and to be sunk, dowelled, and secured into caps and bases. Shafts in angles of doorways (if any) to be of any suitable dark stone (if necessary) to contrast with the jamb.

All ornaments, carving, enrichment of capitals, of columns and pilasters, and of such as may be shown in the entablature, is to be executed in an artist-like good style. Models from the working drawings are to be made at the contractor's expense, and the whole to be executed to the satisfaction of the architect. The Order may, however, be described if the working drawings are not sufficiently made out. Plinths and base mouldings to the portico, as shown on the drawings, to be worked out of (describe stone). . stone of... by . . . scantling.

Finish the chimney shafts with mouldings as shown in the drawings, or with sunk moulded and throated copings, . . . inches wide and . . . inches thick.

Damp course. All the walls to have Yorkshire stone 3 inches thick and 4 inches on each side wider than the several lowest footings, in slabs of one length across the width of the footing. This was an old custom.

Ba'conies to a house:-A balcony landing of Portland stone, . . . inches thick, moulded on the edges and the pieces carefully joggled together, and run with lead, to be provided with holes cut therein for the iron railing. The said balcony is to be tailed into the wall, and securely pinned up.

Steps to the doorways must be described as to scantlings. All external steps should be weathered.

2284c. MASON. For a back staircase, carry up and construct a staircase from the basement to the principal floor, with solid Yorkshire quarry steps 13 inches wide and 6 inches high, properly back-jointed and pinned into the brickwork; cut holes for the iron balustrades. N.B. This sort of staircase of Portland will serve also for back stairs of upper flights. That from the basement may also be made of granite street curb, 12 by 7 or 8 inches. A staircase may, for cheapness, be made of Yorkshire stone paving 3 inches thick, wrought with fair tooled edges, and securely pinned into the brickwork.

Principal stairs to be of Portland stone (as may be), to extend from principal to. floor, with steps and square (or semicircular, as may be) landings, entirely of solid stone, tailed 9 inches into the brickwork, with moulded nosings and returned nosings, and also at the back. The sofites to be moulded to the shapes of the ends of the steps. The landings to be 6 inches thick, with moulded nosings and joggled joints, run with lead, to be inserted at least 4 inches in the walls, but such as tail into the walls, as steps, must go at least 9 inches into the walls. When the under sides of the steps of the geometrical staircase are not moulded, the nosings are returned so as to fall beyond the upright line of the succeeding tread; in this case the sofite or string is plain wrought.

The steps to the sanctuary and chancel of a church to be of rubbed Portland, Red Mansfield, Robin Hood, Craigleith, or other hard stone, or of marble, in lengths of not less than 10 feet, very carefully set and bedded, pinned, joggle jointed, and run and plugged with lead, and back-jointed to receive tile paving. Pave the entrance hall and principal staircase, together with (any passage, &c.), with the best. . . marble, and border according to the pattern drawn. The back staircase (and such other parts as require it) to be paved with Portland stone 2 inches thick, laid in squares, and with a border 8 inches square.

Where story posts are used in a front, it is well to place along the front two pieces of parallel square Aberdeen or other good granite curb, 12 inches by 9 inches, cut out to receive the bases of the columns and story posts.

Pave the scullery, larder, pantry, passages, lobbies (and other such places as may require mention), with rubbed Yorkshire stone 2 inches thick, laid in regular courses with close rubbed joints

Pave the bottom of the air drain with Yorkshire paving.

Yards may be paved with 24-inch Yorkshire paving, or such other as the place affords, as in common use. The same to basement stories.

Pave (if a church) the entrance passage, porches, &c., where coloured on plan, with Minton's (or other) encaustic tiles, one third (or more or less) being figured, combined with chocolate and black tiles, value . . . per yard superficial, manufacturers' prices. Pave the chancel (usually with richer tiles) with tiles value . . . per yard superficial.

The tiled floor (when laid on joists): Spike fillets to joists at 3 inches below their upper surfaces; fill in between the same with inch rough boarding. The vacuity to be filled up with pugging of concrete flush with the upper surface, finished with a layer inch thick of Roman cement smoothly floated to receive the tiles. Dairy to be paved with. . . stone (or marble) in regular courses,. . . inches thick. Provide a shelf or dresser round the said dairy of veined marble (or slate) 1 inch thick, and a skirting round it 6 inches high. The dresser to go into the wall 1 inch, and to be supported on veined marble piers 4 inches square. To fit up the wine cellar with bins, as per drawing, with 2-inch Yorkshire stone shelves (some prefer slate), fairly tooled, supported on half-brick uprights, all set in cement. A cellular hexagonal brick has been patented by King and Smith; of Weedon, to be used to form the wall of a vault; each is hollow and open at the inner extremity, so that each brick becomes the receptacle for a bottle. They are made of three different sizes.

To provide and fix a warm bath of veined marble; rendered waterproof by being properly set in Dutch tarras, and plugged and cramped with copper at the joints, with all requisite finishing. A marble step round two sides of the bath. Cut all holes necessary for laying on the water. A bath, if a fixture, may be similarly made of slate, which is of course much cheaper. Where iron girders are used, describe

....

pieces of granite street curb, or 3-in. Yorkshire stone, as corbels or plates, each .. . . long and . . . . wide, to receive the ends of the iron girders.

Where chimneys project without support from below, corbels must be described proportioned to the weight they have to carry. The best corbel, however, is the gradual projection of the work by inverted steps, which, if there be height to hide them, should always be the mode of execution.

2284d. MASON.

Cellar doorways should have in each of them three pieces of Portland or other such stone 18 in. wide, 18 in. long, and 9 in. high, cut out to receive the hinges and also the rim of the lock.

The commonest chimney-pieces that can be described are of 1-inch Bath stone, jambs, mantels, and shelves, 6 inches wide; with slabs of 2-inch Portland stone, 20 inches wide, and 6 inches or a foot wider on each side than the width of the opening. Those of butler's and housekeeper's rooms would be of a better quality. A kitchen chimney is described as jambs and mantel (in one piece) of 2-inch Port land stone, 10 (or 12) inches wide, with a slab of 23-inch rubbed Yorkshire stone, if used with a wood floor; but sometimes the whole width of that side of the kitchen is paved.

Where marble chimney-pieces are to be placed, they are described to be provided of a given value of such marble as may be determined, or working drawings and workmanship may be referred to. It must always be provided in the specification that the slabs are included, and that the price is, or is not, to include the carriage and fixing. Marble, wood, and iron chimney-pieces, with grates, fenders, tile borders and hearths, &c. en suite.

All fire-places should have back hearths of 24-inch rubbed Yorkshire stone. Front hearths of stone, or of Portland cement, or of marble.

Sinks of rubbed Portland or other stone, 7 inches thick (describing the size required), sunk 3 ins. deep, with holes cut for the grating and socket-pipe, and fixed with all requisite brick or stone bearers or supports, complete. A sink of earthenware is now to be obtained. An improved patent combined sink and wash-up tub is specially adapted for kitchens, sculleries, cottages, artizans' dwellings, &c. It is made of galvanized or enamelled iron. Housemaids' slop sinks in earthenware or in plain or enamelled slate are made, to suit any position. Sink stones to drains to be provided where shown on the plan.

Flint work. Flint walling is of the following descriptions:-Rough, or as the flints are dug; random, or broken without any regard to regularity; split, so that they are true on the face and oval in form; or, split and squared, by which neat and square work is produced. The walling is to be built in the soundest manner with . flints (state which of the four descriptions is to be used). laid in mortar compounded of quick-setting stone lime and coarse sharp sand, free from loam; bricks, tiles, pebbles, &c., may be bedded in the centre or core of the wall. The long flints to be selected and laid as through stones, and the string-courses, &c., to be laid entirely through the thickness of the wall, so as to give additional bond. The work to be kept as dry as possible during the construction, to be protected by boards in wet weather, and to be covered in as soon as possible after completion. No grouting to be used. If the walling is faced with half-flints, care is to be taken in laying them to keep their upper surfaces as level as possible, to prevent rain driving into the centre of the wall; firmly pin up the lower bed with fragments. The joints of the masonry generally are to be where exhibited on the drawings, and the work is to be left perfectly cleaned off, all necessary joggles, joints, rebates, moulded, sunk, weathered and throated works, grooves, chases, holes, back joints, and fair edges, that may be necessary in any part of the work, and all jobbing, though not particularly mentioned under the several heads, is to be performed that may be requisite for the execution of the building, and all the work is to be well cleaned off before delivering it up. The whole of the work is to be warranted perfect, and any damage that may occur to it by reason of frost or settlement within two years after the completion of the building is to be repaired, under the architect's direction, at the sole expense of the contractor.

All mortar is to be of the same quality as that described in the bricklayer's work. All cramps to be of copper; iron cramps not to be allowed (see par. 2286). Lead joggles, and slab slate dowels set in cement, to be inserted in the joints where directed. The contractor is to provide lead to run the cramps and joints.

In stables, granite should be provided to receive the heel-posts if cast iron be not employed, and at the piers of gates, hinge and spur stones, the latter, of granite, if to be had, should be described. The caps and bases of the last can be noted only with reference to the drawings of them. The paving of stables and their courts is described thus: Prepare the ground for paving (stating where) with good and sufficient hard materials, and pave it with Aberdeen granite paving, properly dressed and sorted, 8 inches deep and 5 inches wide at the top and bottom thereof. The whole to be laid with good currents upon a layer 4 inches at least in thickness of good rough gravel, the joints of the surface to be run with stone lime and river sand grouting. It is to be well rammed, and the contractor is to relay, at his own

2284e. MASON.

...

....

expense, all such parts as may sink within eighteen months of the work being completed. To provide and fix under the contract cubic feet of . . . . stone, including plain work and setting thereto, also. superficial feet of 24 inch Yorkshire paving, laid in regular courses; and in case the whole or any part of either or both should not be wanted, the quantity not used or directed shall be deducted from the amount of the consideration of the contract after the rate of . . . . per foot of cubic stone and . . per foot superficial for the Yorkshire paving, including the workmanship and fixing thereof. Where the work is within the metropolitan district, or within a town, a sufficient hoarding must be erected for enclosing the premises during the execution of the works, which is to be removed and carried away when they are complete. So, also, all shoring is to be provided, if the works be alterations, or the adjoining buildings may be injured by carrying them into effect. The shoring is to be performed in a safe, scientific, and workmanlike manner, of the several fronts, floors, or otherwise, as the case may be.

For a stone building :-To provide, fix, maintain, alter as occasion may require, and finally remove, the necessary double square fir framed scaffolding, travelling cranes and other implements, and utensils and plant necessary for the performance of the whole of the works; and perform all the requisite sawing, lifting, hoisting, setting, and other labour that may be necessary for the carrying out of the whole of the works.

CARPENTER AND JOINER.

2285. To provide all materials requisite for completion of the buildings. The oak is to be of English growth and perfectly sound; the timber is to be of the best Dantzic, Riga, or Memel yellow fir. No American, Swedish, or Scotch fir to be used in any part of the building. All the floors and joiner's work are, except where otherwise directed, to be of the best yellow Christiana deals. The timbers and deals are to be cut square, entirely free from sapwood, shakes, large knots, black outsides, and all other defects. If any part or parts of the joiner's work should shrink or fly within . . . . months from the finishing and fixing the same, the contractor is to take down, make g od, and refix the same, together with all works that may be affected thereby, at his own expense.

Provide and fix . . . . cubic feet of Baltic yellow fir timber, with all labour thereto, beyond the quantity necessary for the work herein described, to be used in such additional works as may be directed by the architect; and if the whole or any part thereof should not be ordered, the same shall be deducted from the amount of the consideration of the contract, after the rate of . . . . per foot cube. Ail additional fir, if any should be ordered, is to be taken at the like price of per foot cube.

No joists, rafters, or quarters are in any case, unless particularly so directed, to be

more than 12 inches clear distance from one another.

Provide and fix, ease, and strike all centering and turning pieces for the vaults, arches, trimmers, and other works. Provide all temporary shores that may be necessary. Provide and fix all necessary templets, linings, blocks, stops, casings, beads, springing fillets, angle staffs, grounds, linings, backings, furrings, cappings, and other finishings incident to carpenter's and joiner's works, together with all necessary grooving, rebating, framing, tonguing, housing, beading, mitring, framing, and other workmanship necessary for completing the works.

Provide casing for all the stone dressings, to secure and protect the same from injury during the execution of the works; any accident arising from neglect in this respect is to be made good at the expense of the carpenter. Bond timber, 4 inches by 24 inches all around the walls, except where intercepted by the chimneys, to be lapped together, where joints occur, at least 6 inches, and to be properly spiked together. One tier is generally enough for basement story. Two tiers in the other floors, unless very lofty. One tier in the upper story. These are now dispensed with, hoop iron bond being used, and party walls may be so bonded, if thought proper, for a greater security against fire. All wood, or patent, bricks to which the finishings are to be fixed. All lintels, and filling in lintels necessary to the several openings; each to be 4 inches high, of the width of the brickwork, and 16 inches longer than the opening. Two small lintels will do if the width of the sofite be considerable, and arches, as directed in the bricklayer's work be turned.

For ground or, rather, basement floors, walls are brought up for receiving oak sleepers 5 by 3 inches, on which fir joists 44 by 21 are generally the scantlings employed