TABLINUM. (Lat.) In Roman architecture, an apartment situated in the narrow part of the atrium, as is supposed, frouting the entrance. Its exact position is not now known, and indeed the situation of it may, under circumstances, have varied; its true place therefore must be a matter of doubt.

TABULATUM. (Lat.) A term used by the Romans not only in respect to the floors, wainscottings, ceilings, &c., which were constructed of wood, but also to balconies and other projecting parts, which latter Vitruvius calls projectiones.

TACE. The name in Scotland for a SALLY.

TACKS. Small nails used for various purposes, but principally for stretching cloth upon a board.

TENIA. (Gr.) The fillet which separates the Doric frieze from the architrave.

TAIL. (Verb.) A term denoting the hold of any bearing piece on that which supports it, as where the end of a timber lies or tails upon the walls. The expression is similar to what in joinery is called housing, with this difference, that housing expresses the complete surrounding of the cavity of the piece which is let in.

TAIL BAY. See CASE BAY.

TAIL TRIMMER. One next the wall, into which the ends of joists are fastened in order to avoid flues.

TAILING. That part of a projecting stone or brick not inserted in a wall.
TAILLOIR. (Fr.) The name which the French give to the abacus.

TALON. (Fr.) The name given by the French to the ogee.

TAMBOUR. (Fr. a drum.) A term denoting the naked ground on which the leaves of the Corinthian and Composite capitals are placed. It signifies also the wall of a circular temple surrounded with columns; and further the circular vertical part below a cupola as well as above it.

TANGENT. (Lat. Tango.) A line drawn perpendicular to the extremity of the diameter of a circle, and therefore touching it only at one point. In trigonometry, it is a line drawn perpendicularly from the extremity of the diameter, at one end of the arc, and bounded by a straight line drawn from the centre through the other.

TANK. A receptacle, generally formed under ground, for liquids, as a water tank, liquid manure tank, &c.

TAPERING. A term expressive of the gradual approach, as they rise, of the sides of a body to each other, so that if continued they would terminate in a point.

TAR. A product of the valuable family of the coniferous trees, and chiefly from the species of pine known as the Scotch fir. It is stored up in the roots, from which it is extracted by heat. When tar is subjected to heat a volatile spirit is distilled from it, leaving a black solid mass which is termed pitch. Both have the property of resisting moisture. TARRAS. A strong cement, useful formerly in water-works.

TASSAL, TASSEL, TORSEL, or TOSSEL. The plate of timber for the end of a beam or of a joist to rest on, as formerly in a chimney, where the mantel tree rested on it at each end.

TAVERN. A house open to the public where wine is sold.

TAXIS. (Gr.) A term used by Vitruvius to signify that disposition which assigns to every part of a building its just dimensions. Modern architects have called it ordon

nance.

TEAZE TENON. A tenon on the top of a post, with a double shoulder and tenon from each for supporting two level pieces of timber at right angles to each other.

TECTORIUM OPUS. (Lat.) A name in ancient architecture given to a species of plastering used on the walls of their apartments.

TELAMONES. (Gr. Thaw, to support.) Figures of men used in the same manner as Caryatides. They are sometimes called atlantes.

TEMENOS. (Gr.) The same as the Latin Templum. See TEMPLE.

TEMPERED. An epithet applied to bricks which may be cut and reduced with ease to a required form. The term is also applied to mortar and cement, which has been well beaten and mixed together.

TEMPLA. (Lat.) Timbers in the roof of the Roman temples, which rested on the cantherii, or principal rafters, similar to the purlins in a modern roof. TEMPLATE. An improper orthography for TEMPLET.

TEMPLE. (Lat.) Generally an edifice erected for the public exercise of religious worship. Herein is described the different species of temples mentioned by Vitruvius, in Book 3 of his work. A temple is said to be in antis when it has antæ or pilasters in front of the walls, which enclose the cells, with two columns between the antæ. See Fig. 1442. It was crowned with a pediment, and was not dissimilar to the prostylos temple, to which we shall presently come. In the figure, A is the cell, a a the antæ, and if in front of them the columns bbbb were placed, it would be a prostyle temple; C is the door of the cell, and B the pronaos. The appearance in front of this species is the same as the amphiprostyle temple, which is given in fig. 1443, and wherein columns are also placed

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in front of the ante. Of the prostyle temple, an example, that of the temple of Jupiter and Faunus, existed on the island of the Tiber at Rome. In fig. 1443, the amphiprostyle temple, A is the cell, B the pronaos, C the posticus, D the door of the cell, and a a are

the antæ. It will be immediately seen that the same elevation will apply (fig. 1444)

to both the plans just given. The amphiprostyle temple, be it observed (fig. 1443), has

columns in the rear as well as in the front, and is distinguished by that from the pro

stylos (fig. 1442), wherein the columns bbbb would make that prostylos which, but for them, would be merely a temple in antis. The amphiprostylos then only differs from the prostylos by having columns in the rear, repeated similarly to those in the front. The fig. 1444 applies on double the scale of the plans to both figs. 1442 and 1443, and is a diastyle tetrastyle temple, that is, one whose intercolumniations (see COLONNADE) are of three diameters, and the number of whose columns is four.

A peripteral temple had six columns in front and rear, and eleven on the flanks, counting the two columns on the angles (see fig. 1445), and these were so placed that their

distance from the wall was equal to an intercolumniation or space between the columns all round, and thus it formed a walk around the cell. In fig. 1446 is the elevation of the species, which is hexastyle and eustyle, that is, with six columns in front, whose

intercolumniation is eustyle, or of two diameters and a quarter. (See COLONNADE.) In this figure, which is to a double scale of the plan, a a a are acroteria.

The pseudo-dipteral temple was constructed with eight columns in front and rear

and with fifteen on the sides, including those at the angles, see fig. 1447. The walls of

Fig. 1450.

the cell are opposite to the four middle columns of the front and of the rear. Hence,

from the walls to the front of the lower part of the columns, there will be an interval

equal to two intercolumniations and the thickness of a column all round. No example existed of such a temple at Rome; but there was one to Diana, built by Hermogenes of Alabanda, in Magnesia, and that of Apollo by Menesthes. The dipteral temple (fig. 1448) is octasty los like the former, and with a pronaos and posticum, but all round the cell are two ranks of columns: such was the temple of Diana at Ephesus, built by Ctesiphon. The elevation (fig. 1449) is the same in the dipteral and pseudodipteral temple, and in the figure is with the systyle intercolumniation.

The hypothral temple, or that uncovered in the centre, is decastylos in the pronaos and posticum; it is in other respects (see fig. 1450) similar to the dipteral, except

Fig. 1452.

that in the inside it has two stories of columns all round, at some distance from the walls, after the manner of the peristylia of porticoes as drawn in fig. 1451, in which one half is the elevation and the other half the presumed section of such a temple.

The peripteral temple has been described, but there is still another connected with that species, though distinct, and that is the pseudo-peripteral, or false peripteral, in which there is no passage round the walls of the cell, but an appearance of surrounding columns (see fig. 1452).

By this arrangement more room was given to the space of the cell. The elevation of this is given in fig. 1453.

Vitruvius thus describes, as follows, the proportions of the Tuscan temple:

The length of the site of the temple intended (see fig. 1454.) must be divided into six parts, whence, by subtracting one part, the width thereof is obtained. The length is then divided into two parts, of which the furthest is assigned to the cell, that next the frout to the reception of the columns.

The above width is to be divided into ten parts, of which threa to the right and three to the left are for the smaller cells, or for the alæ, if such are required; the remaining four are to be given to the central part. The space before the cells in the pronaos is to have