FOOT OF THE EYE DIRECTOR.

In perspective, that point in the directing line made by a

vertical plane passing through the eye and the centre of the picture. FOOT OF A VERTICAL LINE. In perspective, that point in the intersecting line which is made by a vertical plane passing through the eye and the centre of the picture.

FOOT PACE OF HALF PACE. That part of a staircase whereon, after the flight of a few steps, a broad place is arrived at, on which two or three paces may be taken before coming to another step. If it occur at the angle turns of the stairs, it is called a quarter pace.

FOOTING BEAM. The name given, in some of the provinces, to the tie-beam of a

roof.

FOOTINGS OF A WALL. The projecting courses at the base of a wall to spread it, and thus give security to the wall.

FOOT-STALL. The base or plinth of a building. See EARTH TABLE,

FORCE. In mechanics, the course of motion in a body when it begins to move, or when it changes its direction from the course in which it was previously moving. While a body remains in the same state, whether of rest or of uniform and rectilinear motion, the cause of its so remaining is in the nature of the body, which principle has received the name of inertia.

FORCER. In mechanics, a solid piston applied to pumps for the purpose of producing a constant stream, or of raising water to a greater height than it can be raised by the pressure of the atmosphere.

FORE FRONT. The principal or entrance front of a building.

FORE PLANE. In carpentry and joinery, the first plane used after the saw or axe. FORESHORTEN. In perspective, the diminution which the representation of the side or part of a body has, in one of its dimensions, compared with the other, occasioned by the obliquity of the corresponding side or part of the original body to the plane of projection.

FORM. The external appearance or disposition of the surfaces of a body, in which sense it is synonymous with FIGURE.

FORMERET. The arch rib, which in Gothic groining lies next the wall, and is consequently less than the other ribs which divide the vaulting.

FORUM. (Lat.) In ancient architecture, a public market; also a place where the common courts were held, and law pleadings carried on. The fora of the Romans were large open squares surrounded by porticoes, parts whereof answered for market-places, other parts for public meetings of the inhabitants, and other parts for courts of justice; the forum was also occasionally used for shows of gladiators. There were in Rome seventeen; of these fourteen were for the sale of goods, provisions, and merchandise, and called Fora Venalia; the other three were for civil and judicial proceedings, and called Fora Civilia et Judicialia. Of the latter sort was the forum of Trajan, of which the Trajan column formed the principal ornament.

FOUNDATION. The ground prepared for the footings of a wall to be placed thereon. The concrete and footings of a wall are sometimes called the "foundations."

FOUNDRY. A building in which various metals are cast into moulds or shapes. FOUNTAIN. (Lat. Fons.) Any natural or artificial apparatus by means whereof water springs up. In natural fountains the ascensional effect is produced by the hydrostatic pressure of the water itself; in artificial fountains, by the same sort of pressure, or by that of compressed air, and sometimes by machinery.

FOX TAIL WEDGING. A method of fixing a tenon in a mortise by splitting the end of the tenon and inserting a projecting wedge, then entering the tenon into the mortise, and driving it home. The bottom of the mortise resists the wedge, and forces it farther into the tenon, which will expand in width, so as not only to fill the cavity at the bottom, but be firmly compressed by the sides of the mortise. FRAME AND FRAMING. (Sax. Framman, to form.) The rough timber work of a house, including floors, roofs, partitions, ceilings, and beams. Generally, any pieces of wood fitted together with mortises and tenons are said to be framed, as doors, sashes, &c. FRANKING. A term used by the makers of window-sashes, and applied to the mode of forming the joint where the cross-pieces of the frame intersect each other, no more wood being cut away than is sufficient to show a mitre.

FREEING BEADS. The beads formed on the elbows of the boxings of a window, to allow of the shutters rising high enough to come on to the bead of the window sill. FREE STONE. It is an old term that has no very distinctive meaning, but one which is commonly employed when speaking of any stone, whether it be a sandstone or a limestone, that is capable of being easily tooled, quite irrespective of its chemical composition, such as Portland stone, Bath stone, Yorkshire stone, some Scotch stone, &c. FRENCH CASEMENTS. Windows turning upon two vertical edges attached to the jambs, and, when shut, lap together like folding doors upon the other two parallel edges, and are fastened by means of a long bolt called an Espagnolette bolt, extending their whole height. French casements are made in the form of the old English window, the two meeting styles, which lap together, forming a munnion about four inches in breadth. The lower part only of the window is moveable, the upper being fixed, and having a corresponding munnion; the lower rail of the fixed part and the upper rail of the moveable part forming a transom. The upper part is now sometimes made to open on centre pivots at the sides, to allow of ventilation to the apartments whilst the casement is closed.

FRESCO PAINTING. (It. Fresco, fresh.) A system of wall or ceiling decoration in which a painting is executed by incorporating the colours on the plaster before it is dry, by which it becomes very permanent.

FRETTE OF FRET. A species of ornament consisting of one or more small fillets meeting

in vertical and horizontal directions. (See fig. 1406.) The sections of the channels between the fillets is rectangular.

FRET-WORK. Ornamental decoration raised in protuberances.

FRICTION. (Lat. Frico, I rub.) The resistance produced by the rubbing of the surfaces of two solid bodies against each other.

FRIEZE, FREEZE OF FRIZE. (Ital. Fregio, adorned.) That member in the entablature of an order between the architrave and cornice. It is always plain in the Tuscan; ornamented with triglyphs and sculpture in the Doric (See METOPA); in the modern or Italian Ionic it is often swelled, in which case it is said to be pulvinated or cushioned ; and in the Corinthian and Composite it is variously decorated with figures and foliage,

according to the taste of the architect. The illustration is from the western end of the Parthenon at Athens, presenting a portion of the Panatheiac frieze. It is one of the fine specimens of Grecian art of the Elgin collection in the British Museum. (Fig. 1407.) FRIEZE OF THE CAPITAL. The same as the HYPOTRACHE

LIUM.

FRIEZE PANEL. The upper
panel of a six-panelled door.
FRIEZE RAIL. The upper rail
but one of a six-panelled
door.
FRIGIDARIUM. In ancient ar-

chitecture, the apartment in
which the cold bath was
placed. The word is some-
times used to denote the
cold bath itself.

FRONT. (Lat. Frons.) Any side or face of a building, but more commonly used to denote the entrance side.

FRONTAL. The cloth hung in front of the altar, also called antependium.

FRONTISPIECE. (Lat. Frons and Inspicio.) The face or fore-front of a house, but the term is more usually applied to the decorated entrance of a building.

FRONTON. The French term for a pediment.

FROSTED. A species of rustic-work, imitative of ice, formed by irregular drops of water. FROWEY TIMBER. Such as works freely to the plane without tearing, whose grain therefore is in the same direction.

FRUSTUM. (Lat.) In geometry, the part of a solid next the base, formed by cutting off the top, or it is the part of any solid, as a cone, a pyramid, &c., between two planes, which may be either parallel or inclined to each other.

FULCRUM. (Lat.) In mechanics, the fixed point about which a lever moves.

FUNNEL. (Lat. Infundibulum.) That part of a chimney contained between the fire-place and the summit of the shaft. See CHIMNEY.

FORNITURE. (Fr. Fournir, to furnish.) The visible brass work of locks, knobs to doors, window-shutters, and the like.

FURRING. (Fr. Fourrer, to thrust in.) The fixing of thin scantlings or laths upon the edges of any number of timbers in a range, when such timbers are out of the surface they were intended to form, either from their gravity, or in consequence of an original deficiency of the timbers in their depth. Thus the timbers of a floor, though level at first, oftentimes require to be furred; the same operation is frequently necessary in the reparation of old roofs, and the same work is required sometimes in new as well as old floors.

FURRINGS OF FIRRINGS. Pieces of wood used to bring a surface to a level with others. FUSAROLE. (It.) A member whose section is that of a semicircle carved into beads. It is generally placed under the echinus, or quarter round of columns in the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders.

FUST. (Fr. Fût.) An old term for the shaft of a column or trunk of a pilaster. It is also a term used in Devonshire, and, perhaps, in some other counties, to signify the ridge of a house.

G

GABLE. (Brit. Gavel.) The vertical triangular piece of wall at the end of a roof, from the level of the eaves to the summit

GABLET. A small gable, or gable-shaped decoration, as introduced on buttresses, &c.
GAGE.

See GAUGE.

GAIN. In carpentry, the bevelled shoulder of a binding joist, for the purpose of giving

additional resistance to the tenon below.

GALILEE. A porch usually built near the west end of abbey churches. The galilees of Durham and Ely are found in the situation here described. The last mentioned is still used as the principal entrance to the church. The porch, south-west of the great transopt, at Lincoln Cathedral is also sometimes called a galilee. The word has been frequently used, but improperly, to designate the nave of a church. Many conjectures

have been made on the origin of this term, but the most commonly received opinion, founded on a passage in the writings of St. Gervase of Canterbury, is, that when a female applied to see a monk, she was directed to the porch of the church, and answered in the words of Scripture, "He goeth before you into Galilee, there shall you see him."

GALLERY. (Fr. allée couverte.) The name given to one of the structures called Celtic and Megalithic, and formed of upright stones covered with flat ones. GALLERY. (Fr. Galerie.) An apartment of a house, for different purposes. A common passage to several rooms in any upper story is called a gallery. A long room for the reception of pictures is called a picture gallery. A platform on piers, or projecting from the wall of a church and open in front to the central space is also called a gallery. The Whispering Gallery at St. Paul's is another example of the various uses of the word. The whole or a portion of the uppermost story of a theatre is likewise called a gallery.

GALLET. See GARRETING.

GAOL. A prison, or place of legal confinement.

GARDEN SHEDS. Erections for containing garden implements, flower-pots, hot-bed frames, and glass sashes, &c.; also for working in during bad weather. They are best placed on the back wall of the greenhouse, and thus hold the furnaces, fuel, and other articles. GARGOUILLE, or GURGOYLE. The carved representations of men, monsters, &c., on the exterior of a church, and especially at the angles of the tower, serving as waterspouts, being connected with the gutters for the discharge of the water from the roof. GARLANDS. (Fr.) Ornaments of flowers, fruit, and leaves anciently used at the gates of temples where feasts or solemn rejoicings were held.

GARNETS, CROSS A species of hinge used in the most common works, formed in the shape of the letter T turned thus, the vertical part being fastened to the style or jamb of the doorcase, and the horizontal part to the door or shutter.

GARRET. The upper story of a house taken either partially or wholly from the space within the roof. It is also an epithet applied to rotten wood.

GARRETING, or GALLETING. Inserting small splinters or chips of stone or flint, called gallets, in the mortar joints of rubble work, after the walls are built. GATE. (Sax. Leat). A large door, generally framed of wood.

The width of gates should be from eight and a half to nine feet, and the height from five to eight feet. The materials of gates should be well seasoned previous to use, otherwise they will be soon injured by the sun and wind. The parts should be also very correctly put together. For durability, oak is the best; but some of the lighter woods, as deal, willow, and alder, are, on account of their lightness, occasionally used. These, however, are more for field-bar gates than close gates.

GATEWAY. A passage or opening formed through an enclosure wall or fence. It is also given to a building placed at the entrance of a property, and through which access is obtained, and guarded by a gate, or formerly by a portcullis drawbridge. GATHERING OF THE WINGS. See CHIMNEY.

GAUGE, or GAGE. In carpentry or joinery, an instrument for drawing one or more lines on any side of a piece of stuff parallel to one of the arrisses of that side. Of this tool there are four sorts; the common gauge and the flooring gauge (which are both applied to the drawing of a line parallel to an arris), the internal gauge, and the mortise and tenon gauge.

This term is also used to signify the length of a slate or tile below the lap; also the measure to which any substance is confined.

GAUGED ARCH. One having the bricks or stones formed radiating to a centre. The bricks have to be cut, and, in very good work, they are also rubbed, to get a fine joint.

GAUGED STUFF. In plasterer's work, stuff composed of three parts of lime putty and one part of plaster of Paris, to set quicker. In bricklayer's work, it is the same proportion of mortar and Roman or Portland cement, used for filletings and in setting chimney. pots.

GAVEL. The same as GABLE.

GEMMELS. A mediæval term for hinges. See GIMBALS.
GENERATING CURVE. See EVOLUTE.

GENERATING LINE or PLANE. In Geometry, a line or plane which moves according to a given law, either round one of its extremities as a fixed point or axis, or parallel to itself, in order to generate a plane figure, or solid, formed by the space it has gon

over.

GENESIS. (Gr.) In geometry, the formation of a line, plane, or solid, by the motion of a point, line. or plane. See GENERATING LINE.

GEOMETRIC PROPORTION. A building designed by geometrical figures, as the square, the triangle, &c.

GEOMETRICAL. That which has a relation to geometry.

GEOMETRICAL DECORATED. The period of medieval architecture in which the tracery and other ornamentation consisted entirely of distinct geometrical forms, and in which the principle of verticality and unity by a subordination of parts was fully developed. GEOMETRICAL STAIRCASE. That in which the flight of stone stairs is supported by the wall at only one end of the steps.

GEOMETRY. (Gr. Fn, the earth, and Merpw, I measure.) That science which treats of the objects of figured space. Its etymology implies the object of measuring land. The invention of the science has been referred to a very remote period: by some, to the Babylonians and Chaldeans; by others to the Egyptians, who are said to have used it for determining the boundaries of their several lands after the inundations of the Nile. Cassiodorus says that the Egyptians either derived the art from the Babylonians, or invented it after it was known to them. It is supposed that Thales, who died 548 B.C., and Pythagoras of Samos, who flourished about 520 B.C., introduced it from Egypt into Greece. Whatever the origin, however, of the term, the occasions on which it is necessary to compare things with one another in respect of their forms and magnitudes are so numerous in every stage of society, that a geometry more or less perfect must have existed from the first periods of civilisation.

GEOMETRY, DESCRIPTIVE. The art of representing a definite body upon two planes at right angles with each other, by lines falling perpendicularly to the planes from all the points of concourse of every two contiguous sides of the body, and from all points of its contour, and, vice versâ, from a given representation to ascertain the parts of the original objects.

GEOMETRY, PRACTICAL. The method of working problems in geometry.

GHAUT. A Hindoo term for a landing place, steps on the banks of a river, a pass between mountains, and the mountains themselves, especially the eastern and western ranges, which cut off from the upper or table land the narrow strips of low coast that intervene between them and the sea.

GIBLEA CHEQUE, GIBLET CHEEK or CHECK. A term used by Scotch masons to denote the cutting away of the right angle formed by the front and returns of the aperture of a stone door-case, in the form of a rebate or reveal, so as to make the outer side of the door or closure flush with the face of the wall.

GILDING. The practice of laying gold leaf on any surface.

GIMBALS, GIMBOLS, or GIMBLES. (Lat. Gemellus.) A piece of mechanism consisting of two brass hoops or rings which move within one another, each perpendicularly to its plane, about two axes at right angles to each other. A body suspended in this manner, having a free motion in two directions at right angles, assumes a constantly vertical position. See GEMMELS.

GIMLET, or perhaps more properly GIMBLET. (Fr. Guimbelet.) A piece of steel of a semi-cylindrical form, hollow on one side, having a cross handle at one end and a worm or screw at the other. Its use is to bore a hole in a piece of wood. The screw draws the instrument into the wood when turned by the handle, and the excavated part, forming a sharp angle with the exterior, cuts the fibres across, and contains the core of the wood cut out. It is used for boring holes larger than is effected by the bradawl. GIRDER. (Sax. Lyncan, to enclose.) The principal beam in a floor, for supporting the binding or other joists, whereby the bearing or length is lessened. Perhaps so called because the ends of the joists are enclosed by it. An iron or timber girder carries a wall or assists to carry a floor. See BRESSUMER.

GIRDLE. A circular band or fillet surrounding a part of a column.

GIRT. The length of the circumference of an object, whether rectilinear or curvilinear, on its horizontal section. In timber measuring, according to some, it is taken at one-fourth of the circumference of the tree, and is so taken for the side of a square equal in area to the section of the tree cut through, where the perimeter is taken in order to obtain the girt. GLASS. (Germ.) A transparent, impermeable, and brittle substance, of which there are different sorts used in building. The "Times" paper of February 6th, and others in May, 1875, stated that a Frenchman had discovered that glass heated to redness, and then cooled or annealed in oil, greatly increased its toughness, while its transparency remained the same. Thus a plate of glass supported at the ends would resist a weight falling two feet, but when treated as above it would resist the same weight falling six or eight feet. See CROWN GLASS, SHEET GLASS, PLATE GLASS.

GLASS PAINTING. A decoration frequently used in buildings. It is the method of painting on glass in such a manner as to produce the effect of the drawing, which has to be prepared by an artist for it. A French painter of Marseilles is said to have been the first who instructed the Italians in this art, during the pontificate of Julius II. It was, however, practised to a considerable extent by Lucas of Leyden and Albert Durer. See STAINED GLASS and POT METAL.

GLAZIER. An artisan whose employment is that of fitting and fixing glass.