Ellice-Clarke, E. B. Further Remarks on Ventilation of Sewers. 8vo. Liverpool, 1878. Gatliff, C. Improved Dwellings, and their Effect on Health and Morals. 8vo. 1875. Galton, D. On the General Principles to be observed in the Construction of Hospitals. 8vo. 1869. Grantham, R. F. The Separate System of Sewerage. 8vo. 1886. Hellyer, S. S. The Plumber and Sanitary Houses. 8vo. 2nd edition. 1880. Hosking, W. Healthy Homes; Guide to the Proper Regulation of Buildings, Streets, Husson, A. Étude sur les Hôpitaux, considérés sur le rapport de leur Construction, etc. 4to. Paris, 1862. Inman, W. On Ventilation, Warming, and Transmission of Sound. 8vo. 1836. Lanchester, H. J. How to make a House Healthy and Comfortable. 8vo. 1873. Oppert, E. Hospitals, Infirmaries, and Dispensaries; their Construction, Arrangement, and Management. 8vo. 1867. Parkes, E. A. Manual of Practical Hygiene. Edited by Dr. de Chaumont. 6th edition, 8vo. 1883. Péclet, E. Traité de la Chaleur considérée dans ses Applications. 3rd edition. Paris, 1860-61. Folio. Liège, 1845. Perkins, A. M. Apparatus for Warming and Ventilating Buildings. 8vo. 1840. Rawlinson, R. Designs for Tall Chimney Shafts, Ventilating Towers, &c. Folio. 1859. Reid, A. Theory and Practice of Ventilation; with Remarks on Warming, Lighting, and the Communication of Sound. 8vo. 1844. Ritchie, R. A. Sanitary Arrangements of Factories; with Remarks on the Present Schmidt, E. W. C. F. How Not to Build a House, &c. 8vo. Eastbourne, 1884. Smyth, P. Snell, H. S. Method of Cooling the Air of Rooms in Tropical Climates. 4to. 1851. Tattersall, W. Hints to Householders. Teale, T. P. 8vo. 1887. 8vo. 18.... Ventilation of Factories and Dangers to Health: a Pictorial Guide to Domestic Sanitary Defects. 2nd edition, 8vo. 1879. Tomlinson, C. Warming and Ventilation. 8th edition, 12mo. 1878. Trélat, E. Influence exercée par la Porosité des Murs sur la Salubrité des Habitations. 8vo. Geneva, 1883. Turner, E. The Sanitary Work of an Architect. 8vo. 1881. Vaudoyer, L. Instructions sur les Moyens de prévenir ou de faire cesser les Effets de l'Humidité dans les Bâtiments. 4to. Paris, 1844. Ventilation and Warming of the Houses of Parliament: Report of the Select Committee. Folio. 1835. Westgarth Prize Essays on Reconstruction of Central London. By W. Westgarth, W. Woodward, H. H. Bridgman, and J. Corbett. Society of Arts. 8vo. 1886. Workhouses in Ireland. Report on Inquiry into Execution of Contracts for certain Union Workhouses. Folio. 1844. Worthington, T. Hospital Construction; the Chorlton Union Hospital, near Manchester. 4to. 1867. Wyman, M. Practical Treatise on Ventilation. New edition, 8vo. New York, 1851. XXIII. DICTIONARY; BIOGRAPHY; JOURNAL, Architect, The. A weekly magazine. In progress. 4to. 1868–87. Architectural Publication Society. Detached Essays, with Illustrations. Folio. 1849-53. Dictionary of Architecture, A-S. In progress. Folio. 1853-87. Audsley, W. J., and G. A. Popular Dictionary of Architecture and the Allied Arts. Vols. 1 to 3, 8vo. 1881-2. Batissier, L. Éléments d'Archéologie Nationale. 8vo. Paris, 1843. Bloxam, M. H. Principles of Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture Flucidated; with Explanation of Terms. 11th edition, 3 vols. 12mo. 1882. Bosc, E. Dictionnaire Raisonné d'Architecture et des Sciences et Arts qui s'y rattachent. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1877-80. Brees, S. C. Illustrated Glossary of Practical Architecture and Civil Engineering. 2nd edition, 8vo. 1853. British Architect, The. A weekly magazine. In progress. 4to. 1874-87. Britton, J. Dictionary of the Architecture and Archæology of the Middle Ages. 8vo. 1838. 4to. 1856-87. 1863-71. Paris, 1851-62 Again as Encyc. Builder, The. A weekly magazine. In progress. 4to. 1843-87. Paris, 1851–62. Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal, The. 29 vols. 4to. 1837-74. Daly, C. Revue Générale de l'Architecture, etc. 4to. Paris, 1840-45; 1847; 1849; 1851-87. In progress. Dictionary of Terms used in Architecture (Weale). 8vo. 1849-50. New edition, by R. Hunt. 12mo. 1873. Förster, L. Allgemeino Bauzeitung. Text 4to. and plates folio. Hamburgh, 1837-87. In progress. Gardissal and Tolhausen. Technological Dictionary in French, English, and German. 3 vols. 8vo. Geymüller, H. de. L. da Vinci as Architect; in J. P. Richter, Literary Works. Folio. 1883. Milan, 1884. Raffaello Sanzio come Architetto. Folio. Les Du Cerceau, leur Vie et leur ŒŒuvre. Glossary of Terms used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architectures. 5th edition, 3 vols. 8vo. Oxford, 1862. Noticias de los Arquitectos y Godwin, H. The English Archæologist's Handbook. 8vo. 1867. 1838. Milizia, F. Memorie degli Architetti antichi e moderni. 2 vols. 8vo. Bassano, 1785. 4th edition, translated by Mrs. E. Cresy. 2 vols. 8vo. 1826. Mitchell, T. Rudimentary Manual of Architecture, with Glossary. 8vo. 1870. Nicholson, P. Architectural Dictionary. Edited by Lomax. 2 vols. 4to. 1853. Papworth, W. The Renaissance and Italian Styles of Architecture in Great Britain dated examples, 1450 to 1700. 8vo. 1883. Phillips, L. B. Dictionary of Biographical Reference. 8vo. 1871. Plumber and Decorator, and Journal of Gas and Sanitary Engineering. 4to. 1879-87. Quatremère de Quincy, A. C. Dictionnaire historique de l'Architecture. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1832. Histoire de la Vie et des Ouvrages des plus célèbres Architectes. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1830. Raczynski, A. Dictionnaire d'Artistes, pour servir à l'Histoire de l'Art moderne en Allemagne. 8vo. Berlin, 1842. Ramée, D. Dict. Gén. des Termes d'Architecture. Four Languages. 8vo. Paris, 1868. Rich, A. The Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary and Greek Lexicon, &c. 8vo. 1849. A Dictionary, &c., 1860; 3rd edition, 1873. Smith, W., and Cheetham, S. Dictionary of Christian Antiquities. 2 vols. 8vo. 1877. Stephens, L. Dictionary of National Biography, A-D. 15 vols. In progress. 8vo. 1885. Surveyor, Engineer, and Architect. 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Handbook of Archæology; Egyptian, Greek, Etruscan, Roman. 8vo. 1867. Willis, R. Architectural Nomenclature of the Middle Ages. 4to. Cambridge, 1844. 1201 A GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN ARCHITECTURE AND IN BUILDING. [NOTE. Further explanations, illustrations, &c., of many of the terms herein will be obtained in the Encyclopædia by reference to the Index; and many publications on the subjects described will be found in the List prefixed hereto.] A. ABACISCUS. A word sometimes used as synonymous with abacus, but more correctly applied to a square compartment enclosing a part or the entire pattern or design of a Mosaic pavement. ABACUS. (Gr. Aßağ, a slab.) The upper member of the capital of a column, and serving as a crowning both to the capital and to the whole column. It is otherwise defined by some as a square table, list, or plinth in the upper part of the capitals of columns, especially of those of the Corinthian order, serving instead of a drip or corona to the capital, and supporting the nether face of the architrave, and the whole trabeation. In the Tuscan, Doric, and ancient Ionic orders, it is a flat square member, well enough resembling the original title; whence it is called by the French tailloir, that is, a trencher, and by the Italians credenza. In the richer orders it parts with its original form, the four sides or faces of it being arched or cut inwards, and ornamented in the middle of each face with a rose or other flower, a fish's tail, &c. ; and in the Corinthian and Composite orders it is composed of an ovolo, a fillet, and a cavetto. The word is used by Scamozzi to signify a concave moulding in the capital of the Tuscan pedestal. ABATON. (Gr. Aßarov, an inaccessible place). A building at Rhodes, mentioned by Vitruvius, lib. ii., entrance to which was forbidden to all persons, because it contained a trophy and two bronze statutes erected by Artemisia in memory of her triumph in surprising the city. ABATTOIR. (Fr. Abattre, to knock down.) A building appropriated to the slaughtering of cattle. All private slaughtering-houses, in large towns at least, should be abolished, and public ones, under proper supervision, established, as lately effected at Edinburgh, Manchester, and a few other towns. ABBEY. (Fr. Abbaie.) Properly the building adjoining to or near a convent or monastery, for the residence of the head of the house (abbot or abbess). It is often used for the church attached to the establishment, as also for the buildings composing the whole establishment. In such establishments the church was usually grand, and splendidly decorated. They had a refectory, which was a large hall in which the monks or nuns had their meals; a guest hall, for the reception and entertainment of visitors; a parlour or locutory, where the brothers or sisters met for conversation; a dormitory, an almonry, wherefrom the alms of the abbey were distributed; a library and museum; a prison for the refractory, and cells for penance. The sanctuary was rather a precinct than a building, in which offenders were, under conditions, safe from the operation of the law. Granges, or farm buildings, and abbatial residences. Schools were usually attached for the education of youth, with separate accommodations for the scholars; a singing school. A common room, with a fire in it, for the brothers or sisters to warm themselves, no other fire being allowed, except in the apartments of the higher officers. A mint for coining, and a room called an exchequer. The abbey was always provided with a churchyard, a garden, and a bakehouse. The sacristy contained the garments of the priests, and the vessels, &c.; vestiaria or wardrobes being assigned for the monks. Many of the ordinary duties of these persons were performed in the cloisters where they delivered their lectures. ABREUVOIR. (Fr.) In masonry, the joint between two stones, or the interstice to be filled up with mortar or cement, when either are to be used. ABSCISS, OF ABSCISSA. A geometrical term, denoting a segment cut off from a straight line by an ordinate to a curve. ABSIS. See Apsis. ABSORPTION. The penetration of a gas or liquid into any substance; or the taking up of moisture by capillary attraction. A principle seriously affecting the durability of all building materials. The rapidity of absorption is not a criterion as to durability, but the comparative durability of stones of the same kind may be tested by the smallness of the weight of water which a given weight of stone is capable of absorbing. The actual absorption of water by bricks of various qualities has thus been stated:-Malm place brick, 62 ounces of water; white Surrey, 58 oz.; white seconds, 52 oz.; red facings, 51 oz.; pickings, 50 oz.; stocks, 27 oz.; Workman's waterproofed, 2 oz. The following table of the absorbent powers of certain stones, when saturated under the exhausted receiver of an air-pump is given in the Report of the Commissioners on Building Stones, The granites, though closely granulated, take up much more than the grauwacke, but less than the sandstones; while the grauwacke resists the water four times that of granite, and thirty-six times that of Yorkshire sandstones. ABSTRACT. A term in general use among artificers, surveyors, &c. to signify the collecting together and arranging under a few distinct heads the various small quantities of different articles which have been employed in any work, and the affixing of a price to determinate portions of each, as per square, per foot, per pound, &c. for the purpose of more expeditiously and conveniently ascertaining the amount. ABUSE. A term applied to those practices in architecture which, arising from a desire of innovation, and often authorised by custom, tend to unfix the most established principles, and to corrupt the best forms, by the vicious way in which they are used. Palladio has given a chapter on them in his work. He reduces them to four principal ones: the first whereof is the introduction of brackets or modillions for supporting a weight; the second, the practice of breaking pediments so as to leave the centre part open; third, the great projection of cornices; and, fourth, the practice of rusticating columns. Had Palladio lived to a later day, he might have greatly increased his list of abuses, as Perrault has done in the following list:-the first is that of allowing columns and pilasters to penetrate one another, or be conjoined at the angles of a building. The second that of coupling columns, which Perrault himself in the Louvre has made almost excusable; the third, that of enlarging the metopa in the Doric order, for the purpose of accommodating them to the intercolumniations; the fourth, that of leaving out the inferior part of the tailloir in the modern Ionic capital; the fifth, that of running up an order through two or three stories, instead of decorating each story with its own order; the sixth, that of joining, contrary to the practice of the ancients, the plinth of the column to the cornice of the pedestal, by means of an inverted cavetto; the seventh, the use of architrave cornices; the eighth, that of breaking the entablature of an order over a column, &c., &c. ABUTMENT. The solid part of a pier from which an arch immediately springs. Abutments are artificial or natural: the former are usually formed of masonry or brickwork, and the latter are the rock or other solid materials on the banks of the river, in the case of a bridge, which receive the foot of the arch. It is obvious that they should be of sufficient solidity and strength to resist the thrust of the arch. ABUTTALS. The buttings or boundings of land. ACANTHUS. (Akavēos, a spine.) A spiny herbaceous plant found in various parts of the Levant. Its leaf is said by Vitruvius to have been the model on which the Grecian architects formed the leaves of the Corinthian capital. ACER. A genus of trees comprehending the maple and sycamore, the wood of which is no of much value. That of the acer campestre furnishes the cabinet makers with wha they call bird's-eye maple. ACCESS. See PASSAGE; also ADIT. ACCIDENTAL POINT. In perspective, the point in which a straight line drawn from th eye parallel to another straight line cuts the perspective plane. It is the point wherei the representations of all straight lines parallel to the original straight line concu |