information; than curious, by the novelty of its subject. We had then for the first time, a geographical line, on which we could depend, drawn across the continent of India, through the principal points between Agra and Poonah; and which, by establishing so many interesting positions, has enabled us to correct several routes, which, without it would have remained very indeterminate. Narwah, for instance, corrects the bearing and distance of the road between it, and Agra; Sirong, the road to Ougein, and Mundu ; and Burhanpour, the position of Arungabad; and the bearing of the roads to Surat, Hydrabad, and Nagpour.

General Goddard's celebrated march from Calpy to Surat, touches on the route of Mr. Smith, at Calpy, Sirong, Bopaul, Hurdah, and Burhanpour: and the map of it, which remained in the general's possession at the time of his death, was said to be drawn from the materials furnished by the field engineers; who measured the distances, and took the bearings of the road, the whole way. On a comparison of the difference of longitude shewn by this map, with that resulting from Mr. Smith's observations, the difference was 6′ 35′′; the measured line giving so much more than the ob6' servations.

General Goddard's map gave the miles of westing, between Calpy and Sirong 1094, or difference of longitude

And from Sirong to Burhanpour 964, miles of westing, or difference of longitude

Whole difference between Calpy and Burhanpour

And, Mr. Smith's longitude of Calpy is

Burhanpour

Difference of longitude by observation

3

38

0"

о

O

And in the interval between Calpy and Sirong (about 2 degrees), the measurement exceeded the difference of longitude by observation 4 minutes; so that the measured line exceeded the distance by observation, proportionally through each interval.

Now it remains to be observed, that Calpy, on the south bank of the Jumnah river, the last point in the survey, that way, and the first in Mr. Smith's route; stands in my map, in lat. 26° 7′ 15′′, and in lon. 80o 4'; while Mr. Smith reckons it in 80°. Again, on the west side of India, I have taken Bombay at 72° 40′ (see page 31), and Mr. Smith places it.in 72° 45′; so that, in fact, he is 4' to the west of my account at Calpy; and 5′ to the east of it at Bombay: his whole difference of longitude between Calpy and Bombay, being 9' lefs than what I have taken it at. And again, it has been observed that Mr. Smith reckons 6' 35" lefs between Calpy and Burhanpour, than Goddard's measured route gives. It is certain that observations of longitude, taken in the ordinary way, cannot be expected to correct small errors in distance, so well as measured lines; and therefore it is no impeachment of the general utility of Mr. Smith's observations, that I have ventured to deviate from them, in fixing the positions of some places in the road across the continent.

Narwah, or Narwha, is the first point that I shall notice in Mr. Smith's map, from Calpy. He places this city and fortrefs in lat. 25° 40'; lon. 78° 17'; his difference of longitude from Calpy, being 1° 43'. Mr. Cameron, who surveyed the roads and country between Etayah and Sirong, reckons 1° 3' difference of latitude; and 57 miles of westing, or 1° 4' difference of longitude, from Etayah to Narwah. Now, Etayah being by the survey in 26° 43′ 40" lat.; and 79° 17' lon.; the latitude of Sirong comes out perfectly right, but the longitude is 4' to the west of Mr. Smith's account; or 78° 13'. I cannot, however, determine with what degree of exactness, this survey was made; and I have placed Narwah in 79° 17'.

Sirong (called also Seronge) is by Mr. Smith's observations, in lon. 78° 4′; and as General Goddard's map makes it 2° of longitude west from Calpy (which is in 80° 4' by the above account), they both agree in this point, although they differ in the quantity of westing between the two meridians of Calpy and Sirong: for Mr. Smith's difference of longitude is only 1° 56'; and the measured line exceeds it by 4 minutes. The latitude of Sirong is 24° 4' 40". It is proper to observe, that General Goddard's route crossed Mr. Smith's about 6 miles to the S E of the latter place; but the survey was closed to it.

Between Calpy and Sirong, General Goddard's route passed through Chatterpour, a city in the western quarter of Bundelcund (or Bundela). This place was formerly visited, and its position determined by mensuration, from Rewah; by Capt. Carter. He placed it in lat. 24° 58' 30"; lon. 79° 56' 30". General Goddard's route represents it as being half a minute in latitude more to the north, that is in 24° 59′; and 3' 30" more westerly in respect of Calpy. As it was fixed by a measured line drawn westward from Rewah, its longitude ought to be better determined by it, than by a meridional line drawn from Calpy; and accordingly, I have not altered its position.

Bopaltol is the next place where the roads meet; Mr. Smith's longitude of it is 77° 48′, and lat. 23° 13′ 30′′. General Goddard's map gives 32 G. miles, or 35′ 15′′ of longitude, from Sirong; making Bopal in 77° 28′ 45′′. I have placed it in 77° 28′ lon.; and 23° 14′ latitude. It appears unaccountable that there should be no less than 19' difference, between Goddard's account and Mr. Smith's, in the longitude of Bopal. I copied the longitude, as it stands above, from Mr. Smith's map.

Hurdah, on the south of the Nerbuddah river, is the next point of junction of the two routes. This, Mr. Smith places in 77° 21′ 15"; and by Goddard's line, it comes out 1' 30" more to the west; or 77° 19′ 45′′. It will be recollected, that as General Goddard

at setting out, was 4' to the eastward of Mr. Smiths account (at Calpy), Hurdah will be 5′ 30′′ on the whole, more to the westward, than Mr. Smith's difference of longitude from Calpy, would give.

Between Bopal and Hurdah, General Goddard's route makes a large elbow, or angle, to the south-east, to Hufsingabad Gaut, on the south bank of the Nerbuddah river; and on the frontiers of Nagpour, the eastern division of the Mahratta empire: thus establishing a most useful primary point or station, in a quarter where it was the most wanted. Hufsingabad is placed in lat. 22° 42′ 30′′; lon. 77° 54'; and about 140 G. miles to the N W of Nagpour city.

The two routes run often into, and across each other, between Hurdah and Burhanpour. The latter, as is said before, is by Mr. Smith's observation, in lon. 76° 22′; and in lat. 21° 19': and by Goddard's measurement, which gives 3° 44′ 35" from Calpy, in lon. 76° 19′ 25′′; which, rejecting the seconds, is the longitude I have adopted for it; not altogether on the evidence of the measured distances themselves, but because they agree with the whole difference of longitude arising from the observations adopted in the map, between Calpy and Bombay (see page 204).

Burhanpour is a very fine city, and was one of the earliest conquests made in the Deccan. In Acbar's division of the empire, it ranks as the capital city of the soubah of Candeish. It is now in the hands of the Poonah, or western Mahrattas. About 20 miles to the NE of it, is a very strong fortress named Aseer, or Aseergur.

The final separation of the two routes, is at Burhanpour, from whence Goddard went westward to Surat; and Smith, south-westward, to Poonah. The measure of the road to Surat gives 3° 30′ 45′′ difference of longitude; which taken from 76° 19′, leaves 72° 48′ 15′′ for the longitude of Surat; which I have adopted. This subject has been already discussed, in the first Section (page 82), where it is observed, that the different authorities between

Bombay and Surat, gave 10' difference of longitude between them; by which (as Bombay is taken at 72° 40') Surat would be in

If Mr. Smith's observation at Burhanpour was

adopted 76° 22', then it would be in

If this longitude of Bombay, 72° 45', then

If Mr. Howe's

72° 50' 00"

72 51 15

72 55 00

72 48 15

72 40, with an allowance of 8' 15" instead of 10' difference of lon. The last point in Mr. Smith's route, is Poonah, and the longitude given for that, is 74°; or 1° 15' east of Bombay. But as I have taken Bombay at 72° 40', Poonah, to preserve its proportional distance, should be in 73° 55'; which I have accordingly placed it in; so that it stands in respect of Burhanpour, only 2 minutes farther to the westward, than Mr. Smith places it. Its latitude is 18° 30'. Between Burhanpour and Poonah, Mr. Smith's map establishes some useful points, from which other routes may be laid off; such as Nufserabad, Chandor, Unkei-Tenki, Bahbelgong, and Nimderrah Gaut.

Poonah is the capital of the western Mahratta empire, and is situated about go miles on the east of the Gauts: 100 road miles from Bombay; and about 75 from the nearest sea coast. It is meanly built, and not large; and lies quite open and defencelefs. Pooroonder, a fortrefs on a mountain, about 18 miles to the ESE of Poonah, is the place of refuge in case of invasion: there the archives of government are deposited; and there I believe the principal officers usually reside. Whenever an invasion has happened, the Mahrattas never thought Poonah, a place worthy of defence: and have accordingly destroyed it with their own hands. In a state that can conveniently exist without a great capital, no doubt but that great advantages are gained, in war, by a release from such an incumbrance. An overgrown capital, full of rich inhabitants, and a kind of general depository of wealth, however pleasant it may be, as it respects polished society, and the elegancies of life; yet