body of water in the Kameh is sufficient to carry boats. It joins the Indus, as we have said before, in front of the city of Attock; where, although it must necefsarily have received a vast accession of water, on both sides, during its progrefs; yet Mr. Forster's journal reports that it is only a hundred yards wide, where he crossed it; but I suspect an error in the number. It is said to receive no lefs than nine streams from the southern mountains alone:* How many it may receive on the north, we are not so certain of; or at what place they fall in: but it appears probable, from the authorities which I shall hereafter produce, that all the waters, that descend from the northern mountains, between the parallel of Cabul, and the Indus, fall into the Kameh, before it joins that river. We hear of several streams that issue from these mountains: the Doabeh, Dur, or Durbund, Gulbehar, and Penjshehr, are noticed in the marches of Prince Morad, or his officers: and all of them certainly run to the east. Baber says, that "the Chuganserai river comes from the N E quarter, and "joins the Baran river, in the district of KAMEH; when their "united streams take an easterly course." Further, we learn, from the same authority, that the rivers Alishung and Alunkar, which likewise spring from the mountains on the NE of Cabul, unite with the same Baran, below Munderar; which district appears to lie higher up, with respect to the course of the Baran, than Kameh does: and this last is known to lie on the north of the Cabul river, nearly opposite to Jalalabad. From which it appears, that ALL the rivers just mentioned, join in the district of Kameh; and then run eastward, or south-eastward. But it is not so clear, whether these confluent waters join the river of Cabul, above Paishawur, or whether they form a separate river, and pass by Bijore and Sewad. I think the former is the most probable; and that the confluent river receives the name of Kameh, from the dis * Kirkpatrick's MSS. trict in which the junction takes place; and then communicates it to the Cabul river, during the remainder of its course. Whatsoever be its course, it will be seen by a reference to the map, at page 65, that either of the springs between Bamian and Chuganserai, may pass for the western head of the Indus; although the most remote of all, and the identical one meant by Baber, is probably the DOABEH, which springs from the west of Cabul. By means of the history of the campaigns of the Emperor Baber, and of the generals of Acbar and Aurungzebe, in Bijore, Sewad, and the neighbouring provinces, much general knowledge respecting those countries, and the rivers that intersect them, is derived. Some faint light is also thrown on the latter subject, by the quotations of M. D'Anville, and M. Otter, from the Turkish geographer abovementioned; but it is, notwithstanding, still involved in some degree of obscurity. We have an account in the histories of the campaigns, of four distinct streams that take their course towards the Indus, and which appear to unite succefsively with the river of Cabul, before it falls into the Indus. 1st, The river that passes by the town of Bijore, 40 or 50 miles below the point, where the Baran and Chuganserai rivers are said to join (page 156); and it is pofsible, though by no means probable, that it may be a continuation of the confluent river. It is said to be only 70 yards in breadth, where the bridge was thrown across it. 2d, The Penjekoreh river, apparently larger than the former; which it joins at the distance of two marches, to the south-east of the town of Bijore; and, in its way, separates the province of that name, on the west,. from Sewad, on the east. 3d, The Chendoul river, apparently a lefser stream than either of the others; and to be regarded as a branch of the Bijore river. And, 4th, the Sewad river, the eastern-most and largest of the whole. Baber crossed it midway between the town of Bijore, and the pass of the Indus, at Nilab: and as he crossed both rivers, we have a very reasonable proof that the Sewad river (the Suvat of Otter, and D'Anville), is a distinct river from the Sinde, or Indus: for had they been one and the same stream, Baber would of course, after crossing it the second time, have been on the same side of it, as before he first crofsed it; that is, on the west, or opposite side to the Panjab: whereas the history informs us, that after the second crossing, at the distance of three marches from the first, he was on the eastern, or Panjab side of the Indus. In the course of another expedition, Baber came to the Sewad river, at a place above the city or town of Mashanagur, or Ashenagur, in two long marches from Bijore. We shall presently shew that Ashenagur, applied to the province, is another name for Sewad. The Turkish geographer quoted by D'Anville, says, that the Penjekoreh river is joined by another, that comes from the mountains of Kuber, on the east; and that the Hezaree river (which is understood to be that of Cabul, or the Kameh), joins this confluent stream, a little farther down (Eclaircis. p. 24). This account appears to be plainly descriptive of the confluence of the Penjekoreh, and Sewad rivers (the latter of which is known to come from the quarter of KUTTORE, on the north-east, or north of Sewad; and may be the country intended by KUBER); and also of those waters with the river of Cabul; but what follows concerning the position of Ashenagur, is not so clear to me: for I conclude that it stands at, or near, the conflux of the Penjekoreh and Sewad rivers; and being only two marches from Bijore, the position assigned it in page 25 of the same book, must be erroneous:* for the point of junction of the Cabul river with the Indus, is six marches from Bijore. † The information respecting the province of Ashenagur, in the As the book is very scarce, I quote the passage: " Ashnagur est une autre grande ville, qui donne même son nom à une province particulière. Elle est située, selon le même géographe, dans l'endroit où la rivière de Hezarê (qui est celle de Kabul) se joint avec l'Indus-Il est mention de Suvat, comme d'un canton du pays d'Ashnagur, dans le même "géographe Turque." + Kirkp. MSS. same page, is very interesting: for by that we learn, that Sewad (or Suvat, as it is there written) was part of the ancient province of Ashenagur; and it will be found to correspond with the situation of the country of the Afsacani, in which Alexander warred, on the west of the Indus. 66 Bijore, called also Bejour, and Bajour, is a geographical position, on which the right distribution of the space, between Cashmere and Cabul depends. We have seen that it lies at the distance of six of Baber's marches from the Indus, at the pass of Nilab; near Attock. It also lies wide of the road leading from Paishawur to Cabul, because the road to it from Cabul, lay through Kameh: and because the province in which it is situated, and of which it is the capital, borders on the north of Paishawur. The Ayin Acbaree informs us (Vol. II. p. 194.), that "a desert, go cofses in length, by 20 to 25 in breadth, adjoins to the Bijore province, and is con"fined by the mountains, and by the rivers of Cabul, and Sinde.” The extent of this desert marks the space, nearly, between Paishawur and Bijore: for the mountains of Lungerkote (Kirkp. MSS.), are said to be 20 cofses from the city of Paishawur; and they separate the provinces of Bijore and Sewad, from that of Paishawur. The breadth of the desert, may therefore be supposed to include the space between the city of Paishawur, and the mountains of Lungerkote: and the length of it will be equal in extent to the included between the Indus, and the farthest extreme of Bijore, westwards: this province must, therefore, have between it, and the Kameh, a space equal to the breadth of the desert. space The space occupied by the provinces of Puckholi, Beneer, Sowhad, and Bijore, collectively, throws further light on the position of Bijore town. These provinces lie in an east and west direction, between Cashmere, and Lumghan, the eastern frontier of Cabul; and their dimensions in the Ayin Acbaree (Vol. II. p. 192, et seq.) are as follow: The Kishengonga is said to be the eastern limit of Puckholi, in the same book; and its position is ascertained by the route of Jehanguire, mentioned in page 136 of this work. From that point, if we lay off half the sum of the two numbers collectively, which is 89 cofses, on a supposition that some of the provinces lie with their greatest length in one direction, and some in another; yet that extent of distance will reach within 5 cofses of Jalalabad; which is known to lie nearly in the centre of the Lumghanat, instead of the eastern extremity, as this would make it. Besides, Guznoorgul province (belonging to Caferistan) lies on the west of Bijore; and between it and the Chuganserai river, which forms the NE boundary of Cabul: therefore, on the whole, there can be little doubt but that the provinces abovementioned, lie with their greatest length, in a N and S direction: and when we consider that some of them have large rivers, whose courses are in that direction, for boundaries; it appears yet more probable: for experience shews, that provinces have commonly their greatest extent, in the direction that their principal rivers take; especially when those rivers are boundaries also. Here, it is unquestionable, from the application of the given dimensions, to the existing space. The province of Bijore being only 10 cofses in breadth, leaves little room for error, in placing its capital, when the boundaries of the province are defined; which may be accomplished by the above data: for it has been shewn that Bijore lies on the north of Paishawur, and at the distance of 20 cofses, or thereabouts, beyond the Cabul river; and that the western extreme is about 30 cofses from |