circumstance is particularly noticed both by the historians of Alexander, and of Timur. The space between the Chunaub and Behut, is no where more than 30 G. miles, within the limits of the Panjab.

The third river is the Rauvee, or Hydraotes of Alexander;* on the south bank of which stands the city of Lahore. This is spoken of as a noble river, but appears to be somewhat inferior in bulk to the Chunaub. Its sources are in the mountains near Nagorkote, a famous place of Hindoo worship; and it enters the plains near Shahpour (called also Rajepour), from whence the famous canal of Shah Nehr was drawn to Lahore, 48 common cofses in length. The intent of this canal seems to have been, to supply the city of Lahore in the dry season; when all the Indian rivers are from 20 to 30 feet below the level of their banks. Three other canals, for the purpose of watering the country on the S and E of Lahore, were drawn from the same place.

The space between the Rauvee and Chunaub, at their entry on the plains, is about 54 G. miles; and they gradually approach each other during a course of 170 miles.

The junction of the Rauvee with the Chunaub (or rather the Chunaub and Behut collectively), is effected nearly midway between Toulumba and Moultan; for the itinerary of a missionary (dated 1662)† mentions, that the party were four days in going by water from Toulumba to Moultan; and that on the second day they came to the mouth of the Chunaub. The Ayin Acbaree allows 27 cofses between the junction of the Behut and Chunaub, and that of the Rauvee with the Chunaub: but from circumstances, the distance must be applied to the course of the river, not

Said by the Ayin Acbaree to be anciently named Iyrawutty (Mr.Gladwin's translation). Sir Charles Boughton Rouse translates it from his copy of the Ayin Acbaree, Iravati.

This itinerary was obligingly communicated by the late Mr. George Perry, and appears to have been kept by a missionary who travelled from Delhi to Persia, by way of the Panjab and Sindy. It should be observed, that all the latitudes in it are too far south. The latitude of Agra is set down at 26° 45', though its true latitude is 27° 15'. And Moultan in 29° 32', and Tatta in 24° 20′; which places are commonly taken at 29° 52′, and 24° 40′.

to the road by land. When these three rivers are united, they form a stream equal to the Indus itself, at the place of confluence; which is from 20 to 30 miles below Moultan.

The fourth river is the Beyah, anciently called Beypasha, and is the Hyphasis or Huphasis of Alexander; being the next in succession to the Hydraotes, or modern Rauvee: and the fifth is the Setlege, Suttuluz, or Sutluj. This last river, about midway between its source and the Indus, receives the Beyah, and the collective stream takes the name of Kera; after which, they do not mix their waters with the other rivers of the Panjab, but join the Indus, in a separate stream, a great way to the south of Moultan; while the other three rivers pass in a collective stream on the north of Moultan, and close under it. Ptolemy names the last river of the Panjab (going eastward), the Zaradrus; Pliny, the Hesudrus. Arrian has the name of Saranges among his Panjab rivers; and says that it joins the Hyphasis (or Beyah). The Ayin Acbaree says that its ancient name was Shetooder; from whence we may easily trace Setlege, or Suttuluz. Before it is joined by the Beyah, it is a very considerable river, and is navigable more than 100 miles. About 24 miles below the conflux, a separation again takes place,* and four different streams are formed; the northmost, and most considerable of which, recovers the name of Beyah; and is a deep and rapid river. The others are named Herari, Dond, and Noorney and near Moultan they unite again, and bear the name of Setlege, until both the substance and name are lost in the Indus, about 80 miles, or three days sailing, by the course of the river, below the mouth of the Chunaub. It is owing to the separation that takes place, after the first confluence of the Beyah and Setlege, I apprehend, that so many names are given to the latter, by modern as well as ancient authors: which names, applied by the natives to their respective branches, have, by Europeans, or

others, who were ignorant of the circumstances, been supposed to belong to one principal river only. The Persian map of the Panjab, and Sherefeddin's History of Timur, take notice of only one branch, besides the Beyah (whence one would conclude there were only two principal ones), and this second river is named De

possibly the same meant in the Ayin Acbaree, by the Dond. The sources of the Setlege and Beyah, are, like those of the other rivers of the Panjab, situated in the great chain of snowy mountains, that extend from Sirinagur to the north of Cashmere; and which are in fact the true IMAUS; or, at least, the mountains to which that name was first applied by the ancient geographers. The Ayin Acbaree tells us, that the Setlege rises in the mountains of Gahlore, or Cahlour; a district which has Bullauspour for its capital: and the Beyah in the mountains of Keeloo, the position of which I am ignorant of.

In tracing the general courses of these rivers, I have derived considerable afsistance from the Persian MS. map of the Panjab (so often quoted): it was drawn by a native, and preserved in the archives of government in Hindoostan. The names were obligingly translated from the Persian, by the late Major Davy, at the request of the late Sir Robert Barker. The tract, of which this map serves as a ground-work, includes the whole soubah of Lahore, and a great part of Moultan proper. The points of Lahore, Attock, and Sirhind (the fixing of which, I have before given an account of) determine the scale of the map: the intermediate distances from place to place in it, being given in writing, and not by a scale.

I consider this MS. as a valuable acquisition; for it not only conveys a distinct general idea of the courses and names of the five rivers; but, with the aid of Capt. Kirkpatrick's MSS. and the notices in the Ayin Acbaree, sets us right as to the identity of the rivers crossed by Alexander, during his famous expedition into India; of which more will be said hereafter.

The town of Adjodin, often mentioned by Ferishta, and Sherefeddin, is recognized in the MS. map, by the circumstance of its containing the tomb of Sheik Furrid, which was visited by Timur. In the map it is called Paukputton; but it perfectly answers to the position of Adjodin, as described by the above authors; and is a point, on the fixing of which a great many others depend. Its identity is also comfirmed by Capt. Kirkpatrick.

The materials which I have made use of, in forming the detail of the Panjab, are so many, and so various, that it would require too much of the reader's time and patience, to attend to the discussion of all the points that are established by them. And as I have ventured to dilate on the important positions, on which the scale and dimensions of the tract rested; the less important ones must necessarily be dispensed with. Certain points, however, on which the eastern boundary of the tract depends, it will be necessary to touch upon: with which, and some new matter relating to the country of Joud, &c. I shall close my account of the geography of the Panjab.

The eastern boundary of the Panjab, is properly the ridge of snowy mountains (the true IMAUS) from which its rivers spring: but in a more limited sense, and particularly according to the ideas of the present times, the Panjab means the country situated without, or to the west of the hilly tract; and which is of considerable width, being pofsibly from 50 to 60 miles from the edge of the plains, to the summits of the highest mountains. And the idea of the Panjab was, I believe, never extended northward, beyond the hills of Bember, and the borders of the Ghickers.

Mr. Forster, who travelled through the hilly tract abovementioned, has not only contributed some materials towards the elucidation of its geography, but has thrown much light on the loose materials contained in Bernoulli's first volume, and on several particulars in the MS. map of the Panjab, and in that communicated by Col. Polier. The width of the space between the between the great road

to Lahore, and the first line of hills, together with some positions situated within them, is collected from the following authorities.

Kullanore, on the Rauvee, is 35* cofses above Lahore, in the Panjab map; 59 from Rahoon, in Bernoulli. Rahoon itself is 74 from Lahore, 22 from Sirhind, 9 or 10 from Fulwar Gaut. Kullanore will then stand about E 30° N from Lahore, distant 35 common cofses. It determines also the general course of the Rauvee, above Lahore; which will be found to be nearly the same as from Lahore to Toulumba; the whole country being level, from Kullanore, downwards.

By the help of this general course of the Rauvee, we collect a position in Mr. Forster's route, in this quarter. He crossed the Rauvee at Bifsooly, a principal fort, lying at, or near, the entrance of the hills, 42 cofses S E from Jummoo. Bifsooly does not appear in the Panjab map; but Adeenagur, a place 40 cofses from Lahore in that map; 42 in Polier's; does. Behaungur, called also Bungurry, a point in Forster's route, 4 cofses S E of Bifsooly, appears also in the Panjab map, at about the same distance to the NE of Adeenagur. Hence we have the general position of Bissooly; which we place on the N bank of the Rauvee, 6 or 7 cofses above Kullanore, or 41 above Lahore; or, in other words, about 59 G. miles E 30° N from Lahore. And the distance is further confirmed by the MSS. of Capt. Kirkpatrick, and by Bernoulli: for, according to the latter, Shahpour is 7 cofses above Bifsooly, and on the Rauvee: and from the former we learn, that Shahpour is synonymous with Rajepour, from whence the Shah Nehr canal was brought; and which is known to be 48 cofses from Lahore.

Here then we have an important geographical point settled with respect to Lahore, and Sirhind: and by which, on the one hand, we fix Jummoo, which is 42 cofses from Bifsooly, by Forster's

This, and other numbers, are written on the map.
P