his coat on the tree;' Kjolen hang på Træet, 'The coat was hanging on the tree.'

Many intransitive verbs acquire a transitive character by a mere "umlaut," or change of the vowel; as,

Deponent verbs are declined in all their simple tenses like passives, viz., by adding s or es to the corresponding tenses of the active form. In their compound tenses they employ the active auxiliary at have. Their supine is formed by the addition of t or ts; but, for the sake of euphony, this rule is frequently disregarded, and des or edes is employed for the older and more correct form; as, instead of writing Det har lykkets mig, 'I have succeeded,' we find Det er lykket mig, or Det lykkedes mig.

Verbs having a reciprocative sense assume the passive form when used simply with the subject-noun, or pronoun; as, de ses, they see each other;' Hans og Jens slås, 'Hans (John) and Jens are fighting.' De slå hinanden, and de slås, convey different meanings; the former signifying 'they are beating each other,' while the latter implies the more forcible act of fighting.

ADVERBS. (Biord

There is a tendency among modern Danish and Norwegian writers, in conformity with the Swedish usage, to break up the compound adverbs into their integral parts, more especially when these consist of a preposition and a noun, and thus, for example, to write i Dag, instead of idag, 'to-day;' i År, instead of iår, 'this year;' til Stede, instead of tilstede, on the spot,' etc. Similarly, engang is written en Gang,' once;' iligemåde, ilige Måde, idetmindste, i det mindste, at least,' etc.

Certain adverbs, when required to be used in the superlative, may be expressed by a neuter adjective with a preposition; as, på det bedste, 'best;' på det aller venligste, 'most friendly' (in the most friendly way).

Certain adverbs imply motion, or rest, by the absence or presence of a terminal e; as, Barnet går ikke ud, 'The child is not going out;' Barnet står allerede ude på Marken, The child is already standing out in the field;' At gå hjem, 'to go home;' at være hjemme, 'to be at home.' In these cases the final e may be regarded as a survival of an otherwise obsolete ablative form.

Certain adverbs of place and time may be put after the noun to which they refer, and used elliptically without a verb; as, Börnene her, the children (who are) here;' Opröret i Fjor, the disturbance (which happened) last year.'

The adverbs ja and jo, ' yes,' cannot be used indifferently; the use of the former being required in answer to a question involving no negation, while the latter must be employed

in answer to a question expressive of doubt, or denial; as, Er du der? Are you (art thou) there?' Ja! 'Yes;'-Er du ikke der? Are you not there?' Jo! 'Yes.'

Ja is, moreover, used as a frequent and simple expletive, and jo as an ironical interjection; as, Jeg bad min Fader, ja! bönfaldt ham med Tårer! 'I prayed my Father, nay, implored him, with tears.' Jo! det var noget smukt! 'Oh! indeed! that was splendid!'

PREPOSITIONS. (Forholdsord.)

The Danish prepositions usually govern the objective, but some, as fra, 'from;' i, 'in,' 'on;' til, 'to,' are associated with a genitive, in which we may trace a survival of the original inflexion of the Old Northern nouns. Thus, in the expressions at gå fra Bords, 'to leave the table;' i Mandags, on (last) Monday;' at være til Års, ' to be up in years;' at gå til Sengs,' to go to bed,' we have evidence of the early government of cases by prepositions.

When fra and til are thus used they convey a sense of motion. I, på, and om respectively indicate a past, a definite future, and a recurring period; as, min Broder rejste i Söndags, ' my brother left last Sunday;' han kommer hjem på Fredag, he is coming home next Friday;' vi tage på Landet om Lördag, 'we go into the country on the Saturdays.'

The prepositions ad and af, which through an inexact mode of pronunciation have lost their distinctive sounds, have in point of fact a totally different meaning—the former implying motion towards, or association, and the latter

generally motion from, and disassociation; as, han vinker ad Barnet, he beckons to the child;' det er en Ven ad mig, 'it is a friend of mine;' hun går af Vejen,' she goes off the road!' at tage sine Klæder af, 'to take off one's clothes.' The last example affords an instance of the post position of a preposition, which is of common occurrence in Danish; as, Kommer De med? Are you coming (with) ?' Luk Vinduet til, Shut the window (to);' Det var Drengen, hun gav Blommen til, 'It was the boy to whom she gave the plum;' Lægen gik ham forbi, The doctor passed him (by).'

Some prepositions, as bag, 'behind,' foran, 'before,' næst, 'next to,' samt, 'together with,' do not admit of this postposition, but must always precede the word which they govern.

Some prepositions, and most frequently for, over, om, med, til, ved, govern the present infinitive of verbs, preceded by at, 'to;' as, Hun kommer FOR at se mig, 'She comes (for) to see me;' Jeg glæder mig OVER at få den Bog, 'I am glad (over) to get that book;' Drengen har ikke Lyst TIL at rejse, 'The boy does not care to travel.'

CONJUNCTIONS. (Bindeord.)

The conjunctions at, that,' dersom, hvis, if,' når, 'when,' så, 'so,' may be omitted before the final clauses of a sentence; as, Generalen så han slå soldaten, "The General saw (that) he struck the soldier;' Kommer hun her (så understood), går jeg bort, 'If she comes here, I shall go away.'

Certain proportional conjunctions, as jo, vary in accordance with the character of the sentence; thus, in a simple statement of comparative proportion, jo must be followed by jo, while in a compound sentence, jo must be followed by desto or des; as, jo oftere, jo bedre, the oftener the better;' Jo oftere han så hende, og lagde Mærke til hendes store Elskværdighed, DESTO MERE agtede han hende, 'The oftener he saw her, and observed her great amiability, the more he esteemed her.'

In statements of comparison, for which the word end, 'than,' is used, the predicate verb need not be repeated; as, Min Broder er större end jeg, 'My brother is taller than I (am).' The same rule applies to som, 'as,' and to ligesom, 'as,' 'like;' as, Min Broder er så stor som jeg, 'My brother is as big as I (am);' Min Broder er Jurist ligesom ieg, 'My brother is a lawyer, as I am.'

COMPOSITION OF WORDS.

Composition and decomposition exercise a great influence on the character of words, and admit of being very largely employed in Dano-Norwegian. Thus verbs may be compounded with several different parts of speech; as, at korsfæste, 'to crucify' (fasten on a cross); at fuldstændiggöre, 'to (make) complete;' at istandsætte, 'to repair' (put into order); at påtage, to assume.'

In many such cases the verb admits of being decomposed without losing its meaning, as at sætte i Stand, or at istandsætte. Often, however, the verb changes its meaning; as, at oversætte, to translate;' at sætte over, 'to put over,' 'to put across' (a stream, &c.)