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characters should be few, and each should have a definite and easily understood relation to the story. Incidents should be developed in the order of their occurrence, but when they are complex, and involve the doings of several persons at the same time, consideration must be given to the relation of cause and effect, the cause preceding the effect.

72. Exercises in Narration. Written Exercise. On two of the following subjects write paragraphs of 250 to 300 words each. Include such description as is required for the understanding of the story, but make each a simple narrative free from characterization. Criticise both diction and style, and be prepared to say whether or not, in your opinion, they are in keeping with the theme.

I. A fire. 2. An April flood. 3. A race for life. 4. Washington's journey to the French forts. 5. A day's outing. 6. The arrival of the mail.

On each of two of the following subjects write a narrative of 250 to 300 words, introducing one character and one only. Do not attempt to make too many traits of character apparent, but let the few that the narrative requires be clearly painted. Close individualization of character in a narrative tends to delay its action. Criticise the story for its employment of short and long, complex and compound sentences, keeping in mind. which of these forms best produce the effect of hurry and movement. Make the action of the narrative as

rapid as possible, so that the story shall be the thing of

first importance.

1. A raft in the flood. 2. A dangerous leap. 3. The dream of Eugene Aram. 4. The prodigal son. 5. When Albert learned to milk. 6. Lost in the woods. 7. Pursued by wolves. 8. A face outside the window. 9. A girls' party. 10. Learning to ride a bicycle. 11. Coming home from the picnic.

73. Exposition concerns itself with explaining something, and differs from description in having particular regard to the uses to which a thing is to be put, rather than to its appearance. In exposition clearness is the first, perhaps also the last, consideration. To make another understand a machine, a device, or a method of doing anything of any sort, is at the best not an easy matter. Much evidently depends on the order of treatment, but what that order should be depends upon the theme. In expounding the principle employed, and the method of applying it in a mechanical contrivance, the more important things, or those first in time, should generally come first and the details afterwards; but in exposition of more abstract ideas that order may be reversed. Only careful consideration of the relation of the various parts to the whole can in any case determine what is the proper order.

"It is safe to say that the electrolytic process of refining copper is now applied to between one-half and one-third of all the copper produced in the United States. The electric process separates the gold and silver that may be

present in the copper, and deposits the copper in a state of great purity. To accomplish this, the unrefined copper from the smelter or Bessemer converter is cast into great plates or anodes, weighing three hundred pounds or more; these anodes are suspended in tanks containing a solution of copper sulphate, opposite to cathodes which are also copper plates, but very thin and consisting of pure metal.

"The passage of the electric current in the proper direction gradually transfers the copper from the anode plate to the cathode plate, while all impurities are left behind. The gold and silver which are present in the unrefined copper fall, during the process, to the bottom of the tanks, and are afterward collected and separated from each other. Some idea of the importance of this method of copper refining is given by the following facts relating to the Anaconda Copper Mining Company's Montana refinery." The Cosmopolitan, February, 1897.

Observe that this explanation takes up the larger aspects of the case first, and gives the reader a firm grasp of each detail before proceeding to the next. Observe, too, that the arrangement of these details is such as to make clear the relation of each to the whole, so that after each step of the explanation the mind has a clear understanding of the electrolytic apparatus and the electrolytic process so far as the explanation of it has gone. An exposition so developed is coherent, and coherence is essential in exposition, as it is in all discourse. That it is more important in exposition than in other forms of writing, however, must be clear when we remember that a device, or a process, or a scientific generalization, is not explained for us until we have

grasped the significance of the separate parts in their relations to one another and to the whole.

On each of two of the

74. Exercises in Exposition. following subjects write 250 to 300 words of exposition. Take care to have no more description than is necessary for clear explanation. Be prepared to justify the order of treatment you adopt.

3. The

1. A windmill. 2. A twin-screw steamer. management of a railroad. 4. Tennis. 5. What constitutes greatness. 6. The influence of geography on history. 7. The religion of the Egyptians. 8. How mountains are formed. 9. What causes volcanoes. 10. The value of an education. II. What are good manners. 12. Theosophy. 13. The follies of Christian Science. 14. How to entertain a guest. 15. The value of a gymnasium. 16. Success in life. 17. How to deserve friends. 18. The future of science. 19. The construction of a cantilever bridge. 20. The dangers of "scorching."

"The social settlements are very young indeed. As compared with the other four agencies, they have no numerical part; but their growth has been so rapid of late—almost frightfully rapid that they may be said to have passed the experimental stage, at least in this sense, that they have plainly come to stay. The settlements have made mistakes, naturally. They have allowed themselves, in some instances, to be inveigled into too much almsgiving, in others to become too much enamored of seeing the wheels go round, in others to engage in proselyting, in still others to compromise dangerously their independence by accepting dictatorial financial support. They are peculiarly liable to such diametrically opposed failings as melodramatic over-intenseness and cold dilettanteism; and they have not always, it must be confessed,

been successful in avoiding these extremes. The residents are too often immature boys and girls or flitting faddists.

"On the other hand, they have galvanized some of the people about them into a fairly regular participation in healthy social pleasures; have been zealous in bringing into their barren districts something of painting, sculpture, music, science, literature, and technical training, and have been fairly successful in getting these things appreciated. They have helped to foster local pride, and to bring about some changes for the better in local politics. Already they have made laboratory studies of social conditions, which are in themselves almost their sufficient raison d'être. Still, the extravagant claims made for them in certain quarters as social solvents, bridges between the classes and the masses, picket-posts of a new social democracy, etc., should not be taken too seriously. In a word, what the real significance of the settlements may turn out to be when the glamour that at present surrounds them has vanished, it is as yet quite too early to guess."

ALVAN F. SANBORN in the Independent, Oct. 20, 1898.

This exposition of the work of the social settlements is wholly explanatory, as exposition should be, stating facts only, and indulging in no argument on the basis of these facts. In like manner write from 250 to 400 words on each of three of the following subjects. prepared to justify your order of treatment.

Be

1. An Hawaiian custom. 2. Education in Rome. 3. The German Reichstag. 4. Base-ball. 5. Getting a bill through Congress. 6. Chess. 7. The art of political lying. 8. Grafting trees. 9. How chemistry makes life easier. 10. Making crayon pictures. 11. Cleaning house. 12. A Shaker colony. 13. A Quaker meeting.

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