3. Sim Tompkins is the ornriest, measliest man I ever saw. He suspicioned that things weren't right.

4.

5. This yere hoss is all the one I have.

6. You go home and tell your paw to keep you there.

7. I don't remember of no such house as you tell about. 8. Archie says he wants a sure 'nough wagon now.

9. He went by way of the never-to-be-forgotten route through the Chilkoot Pass.

10. The land has been so long untilled that it is growing up to sunflowers.

11. The boy sendeth one arrow to seek the other.

12. Mrs. Harkness is a great conversationist, but her masterpiece in the way of talk was her discussion of evolution with Prof. Mayer.

13. I reckon that wolves are no longer found here.

14. You will get tired toting that all day.

15. Henry had a very distingué appearance as he entered the hall.

16. The audience became very much enthused during his speech.

17. We had so many apples this year that we thought we never should get shet of them.

18. His great ambition was to be able to orate well.

19. John's father told him to harness the horse and start for town instanter.

20. We could hardly understand the patois in which they spoke.

21. That was a parlous siege.

22. The deer were confined in a narrow draw.

23. She had hidden the meat in a little cache at the back of the kennel.

24. In the course of those sharp engagements the command had somehow been licked into shape.

25. You knowed better than to do what I had so expressly forbidden.

26. They were terribly afeared and the captain was unable to revive their courage.

54. The Application of the Laws of Good Use.Though the canons of good use are, to a certain extent, applicable to all the directions given in Part I. for the development of the theme, these directions at best are indefinite. We follow them because they state concisely the methods by which the best speakers and writers have attained success. They bear the stamp of gocd usage; yet we might not follow them and still write correct English. But in our choice of words and in grammatical constructions we have no such latitude. Here we are rigidly governed by the laws of good use, which are not to be violated if we are to speak and to write with correctness. Violations of these laws of good use in spoken or written discourse may be summed up as follows: the use of words not English, the use of words in a sense not English, and the use of constructions not English. These are technically known as barbarisms, improprieties, and solecisms, convenient rather than arbitrary terms of designation.

55. Barbarisms. - A barbarism is the use of a word or expression that has no good standing in the English language because it is not in present, reputable,

and national use. Obsolete words, localisms, technical terms, foreign words and phrases, slang, and the common vulgarisms of the day, are barbarisms. It is impossible to enumerate all the varieties of barbarisms that we meet, but a few of them may be pointed out, more for the purpose of showing their character than as an attempt to make a complete classification. This will enable us to recognize more readily the common mistakes of every-day speech, and will make us more careful in avoiding like errors. Of obsolete words, localisms, and technical terms enough has been said in the preceding chapter. 1. Foreign Words. Although the basis of our language is Anglo-Saxon, it has been augmented by the adoption of words from other languages. With new inventions, new arts and sciences, and new ideas borrowed from other nations, there have usually come the names by which they were first known to those nations. Thus, we are indebted to the American Indians for canoe, wigwam, tomahawk, and moccasin; to the Spanish for cigar, ranch, cargo, and stampede; to the Italian for macaroni, piano, and many musical terms; to the Dutch for yacht and sloop; to the French, Latin, and Greek for innumerable words. These words have become incorporated into our language, and may properly be regarded as a part of it. a part of it. The practice of borrowing from other languages, however, is always hazardous, subjecting the writer to the charge of affectation, and should be left to authors of established reputation, who may venture so to supply an obvious need. The fre

quent use of hackneyed foreign expressions, chiefly French, by some writers of the day is to be especially condemned. The author whose events pass off with éclat; who talks of affaires d'amour; who does this or that by a coup; who takes the métier of a man; whose men are blasé, and whose women are en grande toilette, -convicts himself of affectation, and declares himself unable to command the resources of his own tongue. Happily this fault is not prevalent among pupils, and little need be said were it not for the fact that now and then a theme-writer, with a smattering of a foreign tongue puts into his composition some worn-out phrase under the impression that he is adding to the effectiveness of his work, when in reality he is tedious. A language sufficient to give utterance to the thoughts of Milton and Shakespeare ought certainly to supply the needs of the ordinary writer.

2. Slang. One of the most common forms of barbarism is slang, the inelegant and vulgar speech which originates in local happenings, through the badinage of the street, or in the vituperative bitterness of a political contest. Slang is often compact, suggestive, and forcible, and for that very reason lends color to colloquial discourse; but it always savors of illiteracy, and has no place in dignified language. Most of the slang words live for a brief time only, but occasionally one comes into good use to supply a permanent need. Such, for instance, are Whig, Tory, Yankee, bombast, buncombe, humbug, banter, and snob. The objections to slang are

that it is vulgar, inelegant, short-lived, and likely to impoverish and debase our diction by leading us to rely upon the catch-phrases of the day. It should never be permitted to disfigure serious composition.

3. New Words. - As we have before noticed, our language grows by the introduction of new words from various sources. Some come from new ideas or new inventions, such as bicycle and telephone; others, like mob and humbug, spring up to meet a popular need; commerce furnishes which at first are many; and many peculiar to some occupation, come into general use. New words in any language are inevitable and even desirable; but they should not be coined carelessly, to save the trouble of thinking out a fitting expression in the accepted vocabulary of the language. The exigencies of expression must determine what words shall come into a language.. If the new word supplies a real need, it will soon have a recognized standing; thus, typewriter, motorman, and dynamo have come into good use. But more often such words are the invention of newspaper reporters, and partake either of the nature of slang, like fake, scoop, fad, and guy, or are incorrectly formed, like motorneer, electrocute, and bioscope. Usually such words are short-lived, and disappear forever to be replaced by other and better expressions. The ordinary writer should be cautious about using new words; if one is needed, it may safely be left to the best writers to give it a standing in the language.

4. New Formations.

Some latitude must be allowed