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three: Shakespeare and the Bible, by J. R. Eaton; The Bible in Shakespeare, by William Burgess; and Shakespeare's Knowledge and Use of the Bible, by Bishop Charles Wordsworth. In Dr. van Dyke's The Poetry of Tennyson, we learn of over five hundred references to the Bible, while in The Bible in Browning, by Mrs. Minnie Gresham Machen, we are informed that in The Ring and the Book alone there are as many Biblical references as in all of Tennyson's poems. The Religion of Ruskin, by William Burgess, containing many quotations from Ruskin's works, shows what the Bible did for him.

No student of English literature needs to be told of the influence of the Bible upon such seventeenth century writers as Milton, Bunyan, and Dryden; an examination of the works of these writers, however, is commended, that the extent of this influence may be appreciated.

During the eighteenth century the effect of the Bible upon literary men was not so marked, but it was far from being a negligible quantity. Addison, Cowper, Burke, and Burns, to mention but a few of the best known, all show their debt to the great book. Concerning Burke it is said that, besides quoting the Bible frequently, and alluding to it oftener than to all the rest of literature, he often read chapters from Isaiah before making his speeches. In Burns's The Cotter's Saturday Night alone there are some twenty Biblical references.

In addition to what has already been said concerning Tennyson, Browning, and Ruskin, attention may be

called to the debt of some other nineteenth century writers to the Bible. A Scotch nurse taught Byron to love the Bible and led him to learn a number of the psalms while a boy, and many of his poems reveal the extent and exactness of his Biblical knowledge; not only his Hebrew Melodies and similar poems drawn wholly from the Bible, but hundreds of references in his other works might be cited. Mrs. Browning, Jean Ingelow, and Christina Rossetti could not have written what they did or as they did, but for their knowledge of the Bible. And the names of Scott, Landor, Carlyle, Hardy, Stevenson, and Kipling, as well as of our own Longfellow, Lowell, and, above all, Lincoln, must be added to the list of those whose thought and imagery make large drafts on the Book of Books.

If further authority for the statement that the Bible is in a way the chief of English books is needed, it is found in the words of the following men of letters. Coleridge said, "Intense study of the Bible will keep any man from being vulgar in point of style." Walter Savage Landor wrote: "I am glad to witness your veneration for a Book which, to say nothing of its holiness or authority, contains more specimens of genius and taste than any other volume in existence." "The English Bible-a book which, if everything else in our language should perish, would alone suffice to show the whole extent of its beauty and power," said Macaulay. And our own orator Daniel Webster confessed his debt as follows: "If there be anything in my style or thought

to be commended, the credit is due to my kind parents in instilling into my mind an early love of the Scriptures.' Since English literature owes to the Bible so much of its power, its vitality, and its universal appeal to the human heart, it is evident that the Bible itself must be studied if one would appreciate English literature.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

World Literature..

Richard G. Moulton

The Literary Study of the Bible.... Richard G. Moulton
The Bible as Literature. . Richard G. Moulton and Others
The Bible as English Literature.... ..J. H. Gardiner
Heroes and Crises in Early Hebrew History. . C. F. Kent
Founders and Rulers of United Israel.... C. F. Kent
Kings and Prophets of Israel and Judah. . . . C. F. Kent
Manual of Bible History.
. William G. Blaikie

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Outlines of Biblical History and Literature...

.. Sanders and Fowler

A History of the Hebrew People.... Charles Foster Kent A History of the Babylonians and Assyrians. .

. George Stephen Goodspeed

The House of Rimmon (a Drama).... Henry van Dyke

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OLD TESTAMENT NARRATIVES

I

THE CREATION

(Genesis i; ii: 1-3)

In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. And the earth was waste and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep: and the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, "Let there be light:" and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And, there was evening and there was morning, one day.

And God said, "Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters." And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. And God called the firmament Heaven. And there was evening and there was morning, a second day.

And God said, "Let the waters under the heavens be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: " and it was so. And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good. And God said, "Let the earth put forth grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit-trees bearing fruit after their kind, wherein is the

1. According to their nature or (in this case) species.

seed thereof, upon the earth:" and it was so. And the earth brought forth grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after their kind: and God saw that it was good. And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. And God said, "Let there be lights in the firmament of heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years: and let them be for lights in the firmament of heaven to give light upon the earth:" and it was so. And God made the two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also. And God set them in the firmament of heaven to give light upon the earth, and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good. And there was evening and there was morning; a fourth day.

And God said, "Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven." And God created the great sea-monsters, and every living creature that moveth, wherewith the waters swarmed, after their kind, and every winged bird after its kind: and God saw that it was good. And God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth." And there was evening and there was morning, a fifth day.

And God said, "Let the earth bring forth living creatures after their kind, cattle, and creeping things, and beasts of the earth after their kind:" and it was so. And God made the beasts of the earth after their kind, and the cattle after their kind, and everything that creepeth upon the ground after its kind: and God saw that it was good. And God said, "Let us make man in our

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