courage the one and deter the other, as to acts of virtue or vice. For no other end or purpose should punishment be established: and on this ground, the doctrine of punishment reserved for the wicked in a future life, which the Christian religion holds out to its believers, is destroyed; for if punishments be inflicted on individuals as an example or motive principle to deter them, from doing the like in a future state, it must be useless, when the individual suffering can do no more wrong, and society is not the witness of the example. Punishment on a principle like this, is nothing short of vindictiveness, instead of correction, as all such should be. I hope, Sir, when opportunity offers, as you have been accustomed to do, you will remove or endeavour so to do, any false impression, which circumstance, might have made on my mind, and my whole object will be accomplished, and none more benefited and thankful for the same than Yours, sincerely,

THOMAS TURTON.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE REPUBLICAN.

SIR, London, Dec. 18, 1825. I CANNOT help expressing the satisfaction I feel, in noticing that your publication shall become less offensive to those with whom we cannot agree. This will be productive of much good; because prudence and decency are the best companions of a common teacher.

But that which has more particularly induced me to trouble you with a few lines, is, your wish to confer on the people of this island a distinctive name, that shall unite brevity of expression, with comprehensive distinction; free from any stain of conquest. A name arising from any quality which nature has stampt on the island, will undoubtedly be more lasting than a name arising from any quality of its inhabitants.

Amorgim, formerly the name of an island in the Mediterranean sea, was so called from its being the seat of Weavers, or more properly according to Pluche, the mother of Weavers. The transitory affairs of man would

require frequent changes of names.

Oestend, was a local distinctive name for that place while it remained attached to the West end of the German empire; but when it formed a part of the British empire, it was East of London.

Turdetania was a very distinctive name to the southernmost province of Spain, relative to the centre of Europe, from whence it is truly The Land's End, or The Boundary.

The coast of Syria and Palestine, formed the Land's End, from Babylon and the Indus. And in the Hindoo books of geography, the female symbol of that country is called The Virgin Antarmada, which Ovid calls Andromeda. Relative to Egypt, Andromeda means the great or long measure of land, or long sea-coast; but the same country, relative to India, which the Hindoos call Antarmada, means the Land's End; being compounded of An, land; and tarmada, the boundary. A writer in the Asiatic Researches asserts, that the name of this virgin, signifies pride. The pride, however, alluded to, was that of the nation which she represented; and which is mentioned by Ovid, in the story of Perseus and Andromeda ; which has been happily divested of its figurative embellishments, and given as a real historical fragment by Mackey. As a proof of the given etymology of Antarmada, we have but to look on the map from Mount Cassius along the coast of Palestine and Syria, to convince ourselves of

its justness. And its name has that signification in most ancient languages. Tarmada or Dhernna, has been rendered by the Latins, Terminus, i.e. a stone or post, to show the termination of provinces or estates, in plain English, a land mark. But still, Antarmada, would be only a local distinction. And though Albion would be a universal expression for our cliffs of chalk, yet, as other countries are similarly named from similar properties, I think we ought to look out for a name more distinctive.

It is well known, that our island yields the finest tin in the world. From which circumstance the Phenicians called it the country of tin, which is, in their language, Baralanac, i. e. created or made of tin. From which word, I believe, Britannia and Britain, has been derived: and to which, I am not aware, that any stain is attached. If you, sir, know of any, I hope you will have the goodness to point it out at your earliest opportunity, and satisfy A LOVER OF GOOD DISTINCTIONS.

Note. I know of no particular stain attached to the name of Britain; but the tin of Cornwall and Devonshire is of no more weight, for a description of the country, than its copper, its lead, or its iron. The white cliffs, as seen from the Continent and the Channel, have a more extensive geological description of the Island, than any of its metals; and as a name to that effect exists, I can only say, as a matter of taste upon a trifle, that I prefer the one to the other. R. C.

MANCHESTER.

A MEETING of the friends of Richard Carlile took place on the 8th of December, and, after a variety of toasts, songs, and speeches, agreed to the following address.

CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS TO R. CARLILE.

CITIZEN,

WE beg leave to offer you our sincere congratulations on your return from prison to the bosom of that family from which you ought not to have been taken.

The object which the Government must have had in view in liberating you, is yet to us a mystery. But, whatever the object, we hope that you will not be unmindful of your duty, nor be found slumbering at your post. You must remember, that they are the same individuals, with the exception of Lord Cut-throat, who rewarded and thanked the Magistrates and Yeomanry of Manchester for spilling the blood of our fellow-townsmen on the 16th of August, 1819. They who have sanctioned murder by wholesale would not hesitate to add another to their already too numerous victims.

By the prospectus of the Joint Stock Book Company, to us, you appear to be rather too illiberal; since it appears, that they only can become members, and give votes, who are able to depo

sit one hundred pounds!! Hence, it appears, the labouring man is completely shut out. Nay: even your shopmen, who have been in prison, and those who still are in prison; and likewise all those poor men, who have been your steady supporters, through your unjust confinement. If you shut out the labouring man, you shut out some of the brightest talent that this or any other country could ever boast of, and likewise the principles of the Immortal Paine. What was Herschel? A poor man.

What was

Ferguson? A poor man. What was Richard Carlile? A mechanic. Now he is one of His Majesty's Counsellors. Who was it that framed the Bill for the Repeal of Combination Laws? The poor Bolton Weavers! Contrast the speech delivered by the Duke of York, with all his royal blood flowing through his Guelphish veins, so help him God, with that of Mr. Hodgson, a poor cotton-spinner of Manchester! What are the Editors of the Newgate Magazine? Poor mechanics! What are Gale Jones, Drs. Watson and Webb? They are poor men; but too honest to prostitute their talents to worship the Golden Calf! Fain would we persuade ourselves, that it is an oversight in you, and that you will thank us for pointing out its defects. Be assured that we would give our cordial support to your Joint Stock Book Compony, if it be founded upon the imperishable rock of ages-The Rights of Man.

We thank you for noticing the Christian Evidence Society; and we likewise think with you, that, if the contributions and discuscussions were optional, it would soon become a most powerful barrier in defence of the true principles of nature. In our humble opinion, the next step which ought to be taken, should be that of establishing similar Societies in every town and village. By this step, we might soon discover the real intentions of Government. We cannot but applaud Mr. Taylor for his great exertions in your behalf; believing, as we do, that those exertions have hastened your liberation. We were, likewise, pleased to see your remarks on the Banking System, as it well deserves a castigation from the pen of every honest writer; but more especially from you; because you acknowledge yourself a disciple of that man, who first had the courage and the honesty to predict the ruinous consequences of a paper system. Cobbett is certainly a powerful writer on that subject. But, then, Cobbett is so changeable, that we dare not trust the writings of Paine entirely in his hands. But allowing Cobbett to be honest and consistent, it is too hard for him to combat such a host of rogues, swindlers, and gamblers,. almost single-handed. Certainly much praise is due to Cobbett for what he has written upon the subject; it is plain to every observer that the system has received a mortal stab, and if the blow be followed up, the old hag will certainly expire for want of ore. * The Joint Stock Book Company wants money rather than talent.→ R. C.

Wishing that you may live long to wear those laurels which you have so bravely won, and that you may still adhere to those principles which you began with, is the fervent prayer of your sincere friends.

(Signed)

WM. BLACKSHAW, President.
JOHN SMITH, Vice President.

P. S. It appears rather strange to us, that you should have written so much, both in the Moralist and the Republican in exposition of secrecy, and then in the prospectus of the Joint Stock Book Company, you come forward and court the very thing that you have so ably exposed.

Note.-There is to be no secrecy in the Joint Stock Book Company, but in the names of such subscribers as require it. These objections are really frivolous and ill-digested.

R. C.

I gather from this paper, and from other correspondence with friends in different parts of the country, that some wild notions are current as to the cause and effect of my liberation. Ianswer all queries upon the subject, by referring friends to my past conduct, to that which has been visible, and by desiring them to listen to no tales about changes in my conduct. My path has been long marked out, and straightly walked in. I shall neither go backward, nor turn aside, after so complete a success as that which I have fought about.

R. C.

LAWRENCE - MACARTNEY FELLOWS OF TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN.-SCIENCE AND PRIESTCRAFT AT WAR.

ABOUT seven years ago, the cry of Materialism was raised against Mr. Lawrence, a Professor in the London College of Surgeons, and he was both publicly and privately persecuted to his serious injury. By the Morning Chronicle, I learn, that a similar cry has been raised against a Mr. Macartney, in a similar situation in Dublin, The complaint against each has been that they, in their lectures, had inculcated the principles of Materialism among their pupils, or audiences, or readers. Principles of Materialism! Most assuredly! Upon what else can they lecture? Can the Priests or ignorant Bigots give us a lecture on the physiology or anatomy of a spirit? Can they inculcate the principles of Spiritualism by any species of demonstration or analogy? Can they dissect and explain the structures of " airy nothings?" All scientific lecturers do and must lecture upon and inculcate the principles of Materialism. There are no other principles.

It is really monstrous, that such men as Lawrence and Macartney should be questioned as to the subject-matter of their lectures No. 1, Vol. XIII.

by a corporated board of bigots as by law established. It is really monstrous, that knowledge, or what in common phrase we call science, should bend to religion where it is essentially opposed. A plain truth cannot be expressed, a problem in science cannot be solved, but religion is attacked and in danger. Were it well founded, it would not be in danger. Science is never in danger. Truth is never alarmed. Honesty fears nothing.

On first reading the case of Mr. Lawrence, I felt, that this question between the scientific men and the bigots corporated and by law established would never be fairly met, would never be at rest, until some few such men as Lawrence and Macartney became bold enough to open their own scientific schools for surgery. Perdition to a College, if it opposes progressive improvement, if it fears that certain discoveries will lessen respect for religious tenets. What is religion, that it is thus to be protected? What surgeon ever professed to cure souls or spirits? What have they to do but with the body? Away with all Colleges, if they are thus to become the strong holds of error and bigotry.

R. C.

CHRISTIAN EVIDENCE SOCIETY.

THIS Society, which meets at the Paul's Head, Cateaton Street, on Tuesday evenings, continues to draw most respectable audiences. The subject under discussion at present is a work of the late Beilby Porteus, Bishop of London, on the evidences of the Christian Religion. If the spirit of the Society languishes on any ground, it will be that of a want of opposition to the arguments of the "Reverend" Secretary. Where all the argument runs on one side, however good, repetition makes it wearisome to public companies. Opposition is the life of all things. As far as the historical evidences of Christianity are in question, the discussions of this Society are free, and I hear it said, that, if Christianity were there assaulted on its physical defects, or on the ground of Materialism, it would be the means of thinning the audience. From this conclusion I dissent.

R. C.

TO MR. RICHARD CARLILE, LONDON.

DEAR SIR,

Edinburgh, Dec. 29, 1825. THE news of your liberation from gaol gave your friends here much satisfaction, as we felt deeply for your sufferings in a long imprisonment of six years.