movement. His effective force was about twenty thousand. On September 28th he crossed over the river at Lexington, with four thousand mounted men. This force took up its line of march for the railroad, with the view of its total destruction, after which sad havoc was to have been made with all the Government forces in Northwest Missouri. But intelligence received from some of his spies at St. Louis and Jefferson City, led him to change his plans; Fremont was approaching, and might cut him off from his base in Southwestern Missouri. He therefore countermanded his order for sending troops to the railroad, and a messenger having been immediately dispatched after those already started, they recrossed the river on Sunday morning. That night Price issued orders for a movement south. In the mean time General Sturgis, who had been holding St. Joseph's, came down from the north in time to shell the rear-guard of Price from across the river, as they left Lexington; and General Hunter approached with his troops from Rolla. Price and all his force left on the 30th in the direction of Papinsville, but returned to Greenfield on the road to Springfield. General Fremont, who had followed westward as far as Warsaw, crossed the Osage River there after a short delay to bridge it, and moved towards Springfield by forced marches. General Sigel, leaving Bolivar, also pushed for Springfield. On the 25th of October, a rear-guard of two thousand Confederates, who held Springfield, was charged by three hundred of the body-guard of General Fremont, under Major Zagonyi, and routed, with a loss of ninety killed and wounded, the Federals losing fifteen killed, twenty-seven wounded, and ten missing. On the 27th, General Fremont occupied Springfield, after forced marches, in which his troops had suffered terribly. Meanwhile Lexington had been reoccupied by a Federal force. Price was retreating, McCulloch was advancing from the south, and these two formed a junction, with which they again menaced Springfield.

While

The charges against General Fremont had led the Secretary of War, Hon. Simon Cameron, to visit Missouri in person, taking with him Adjutant-General Thomas. They made a rapid visit to St. Louis, and to the camp of the general at Tipton, and on their return to St. Louis transmitted to General Fremont the following order :

"ST. LOUIS, Mo., October 14th, 1861. "GENERAL:-The Secretary of War directs me to communicate the following, as his instructions for your government.

"In view of the heavy sums due, especially in the quartermaster's department in this city, amounting to some $4,500,000, it is important that the money which may now be in the hands of the disbursing officers, or be received by them, be applied to the current expenses of your army in Missouri, and these debts to remain unpaid until they can be properly examined, and sent to Washington for settlement; the disbursing officers of the army to disburse the funds, and not transfer them to irresponsible agents -in other words, those who do not hold commissions from the President, and are not under bonds. All contracts necessary to be made, to be made by the disbursing officers. The senior quartermaster here has been verbally instructed by the Secretary as above. "It is deemed unnecessary to erect field-works around this city, and you will direct their discontinuance; also those, if any, in course of construction at Jefferson City. In this connection it is seen that a number of commissions have been given by you. No payments will be made to such officers, except to those whose appointments have been

approved by the President. This, of course, does not apply to the officers with volunteer troops. Colonel Andrews has been verbally so instructed by the Secretary; also, not to make transfers of funds except for the purpose of paying the troops.

"The erection of barracks near your quarters in this city to be at once discontinued. "The Secretary has been informed that the troops of General Lane's command are committing depredations on our friends in Western Missouri. Your attention is directed to this, in the expectation that you will apply the corrective.

"Major Allen desires the services of Captain Turnley for a short time, and the Secretary hopes you may find it proper to accede thereto. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

"Major-General J. C. FREMONT,

"Commanding Department of the West, Tipton, Mo."

"L THOMAS, Adjutant-General.

This order indicated that his removal was intended, but he still pushed on after the enemy, resolved, if possible, to achieve a victory before laying down his command. On the 2d of November, however, he received at Springfield an order to transfer his command to MajorGeneral Hunter, with which he promptly complied, and after issuing a farewell order, taking leave of his troops, he left for St. Louis, his staff and body-guard accompanying him. On the day previous to his removal, he had entered into an agreement with the Confederate General Price, by which both parties bound themselves to break up the practice of arrests for the mere entertainment or expression of political opinions, and to protect peaceable citizens in their houses. This agreement General Hunter repudiated on the 7th of November. The Federal force in Missouri at that time was estimated at twentyseven thousand men, of whom five thousand were under the immediate command of General Hunter, four thousand under General Sigel, four thousand five hundred under General Asboth, five thousand five hundred under General McKinstry, four thousand under General Pope, two thousand five hundred under General Lane, and one thousand five hundred under General Sturgis. It was understood that General Price was at Cassville with twenty-five thousand men, and that McCulloch, with ten thousand more, was advancing with the intention of offering battle at Wilson's Creek, the scene of their former victory. The Union army was concentrating. Generals Lane, Sturgis, Pope, and McKinstry reached Springfield November 2d, and General Asboth, who accompanied General Fremont to St. Louis, left his division in charge of General Carr.

CHAPTER XII.

Kentucky.-Vote of the State.-Meeting of Legislature.-Message of Governor.— Kentucky for the Union.-Breckinridge's Proclamation.-Military Movements.Cairo.-Columbus, its Position and Strength.-Paducah.-Concentration of Troops.— Mill Spring.-Defeat and Death of Zollicoffer.-Construction of Gunboats.-Capture of Fort Henry.-Bowling Green Evacuated.-Fort Donelson.-Escape of Pillow and Floyd.-Fall of Nashville.-Columbus Evacuated.-Missouri under General Halleck. THE State of Kentucky attempted to maintain her neutrality for several months after her Governor, Magoffin, had peremptorily refused

to supply troops at the call of the President, when the fall of Sumter had aroused the North. The address already alluded to, which was issued in May, to the people of Kentucky, while advising that she should remain true to the Constitution and the Union, and insist upon her constitutional rights in the Union, defended neutrality in the following language:

"Your State, on a deliberate consideration of her responsibilities-moral, political, and social-has determined that the proper course for her to pursue is to take no part in the controversy between the Government and the seceded States but that of mediator and intercessor. She is unwilling to take up arms against her brethren residing either north or south of the geographical line by which they are unhappily divided into warring sections. This course was commended to her by every considera. tion of patriotism, and by a proper regard for her own security. It does not result from timidity; on the contrary, it could only have been adopted by a brave peopleso brave that the least imputation on their courage would be branded as false by their written and traditional history.

“Kentucky was right in taking this position-because, from the commencement of this deplorable controversy, her voice was for reconciliation, compromise, and peace. She had no cause for complaint against the General Government, and made none. The injuries she sustained in her property from a failure to execute laws passed for its protection, in consequence of illegal interference by wicked and deluded citizens of the Free States, she considered as wholly insufficient to justify a dismemberment of the Union. That she regarded as no remedy for existing evils, but an aggravation of them all. She witnessed, it is true, with deep concern, the growth of a wild and frenzied fanaticism in one section, and a reckless and defiant spirit in another, both equally threatening destruction to the country, and tried earnestly to arrest them, but in vain. We will not stop to trace the causes of the unhappy condition in which we are now placed, or to criminate either of the sections to the dishonor of the other, but can say that we believed both to have been wrong, and, in their madness and folly, to have inaugurated a war that the Christian world looks upon with amazement and sorrow; and that liberty, Christianity, and civilization stand appalled at the horrors to which it will give rise."

The address was signed by J. J. Crittenden, President; James Guthrie, R. K. Williams, Archibald Dixon, F. M. Bristow, Joshua F. Bell, C. A. Wickliffe, G. W. Dunlap, C. S. Morehead,* J. F. Robinson, John B. Huston, Robert Richardson. Ex-Governor Morehead, who signed this document, was subsequently arrested and confined in Fort Lafayette on a charge of treason.

So restricted had the intercourse between the North and South now become, that communication was to a great extent closed, except by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. It had been long manifest that the blockade of the South could not be complete until the transit of supplies by this route was cut off. The doubtful position of Kentucky, however, made this interference with her internal trade a delicate matter. The road in question is one hundred and eighty-five miles long, of which only forty-seven miles are in the State of Tennessee; and the greater part of the cost of building and equipping it had been sustained by citizens of Kentucky. On the 1st of July, a Tennessee general, Anderson, ordered the company to keep more rolling

Mr. Morehead appended to the address the following explanation: "I have signed the foregoing address, because I approve of the policy therein indicated, of refusing to furnish troops to the

General Government to prosecute the civil war now going on, and the policy of neutrality, without considering myself committed to all that is said upon other matters.. C. 3. MOREHEAD."

stock in Nashville. To this James Guthrie, of Kentucky, president of the road, replied that he was not under the military orders of Tennessee. General Anderson consequently seized two trains going out of Nashville, and one that came in, and then demanded a fair division of the rolling stock. Mr. Guthrie, in response, implied assent, if he could have a guarantee against further interference. This brought out Governor Harris, of Tennessee, as the real mover in the matter. Mr. Guthrie then refused assent, whereupon Governor Harris immediately closed the road; an act of great folly, since it stopped supplies, of which the South was much in need, coming from Louisville, and not only effected that completion of the blockade which the Federal Government sought, but decided Kentucky in favor of the Union, by placing the Confederates clearly in the wrong. All further questions in relation to the blockade were thus disposed of. There were, indeed, other routes for supplies through Kentucky, but the closing of that road gave such a turn to affairs as to decide the whole question.

Towards the close of the summer a small encampment of Union troops, called "Camp Dick Robinson," was formed in Garrard County, which was complained of as an infringement of neutrality. It was stated, however, in reply, that the troops were assembled at the call of the Union men of Kentucky to defend the State in case of invasion. Commissioners were sent to President Lincoln in August to remonstrate against the presence of the force and demand its removal from the State, in order that peace might be preserved. The President refused to comply with this demand, stating that citizens of Kentucky had requested the troops to remain. A similar letter was sent to Jefferson Davis, in consequence of the invasion of Kentucky by a Tennessee force, and the fact that the Confederate Congress had, August 18th, passed an act authorizing the enlistment of troops in Kentucky. Davis replied, to the effect that neutrality, to be entitled to respect, must be strictly maintained towards both parties. The Legislature of Kentucky met September 3d, and a large barbecue was held on the 5th. These events caused great alarm among Unionists, the more so that the State Guard was invited to attend. They were about fifteen thousand strong, and under the control of the secessionists of the State. Their fears, however, proved to be groundless. The Legislature stood-Senate, twenty-seven Union, eleven secession; House, seventy-six Union, twenty-four secession. The message of the Governor asserted the right of Kentucky to a neutral position, and that she had not approved of the sectional party in the Free States, or of the secession of the Southern States. He complained that Kentucky had suffered outrages from both sides; that a Federal camp had been organized in the State without the State authorities being consulted, and declared that troops in Kentucky should be obtained under authority of its constitution only. He therefore advised the passage of resolutions requesting the disbanding of the military bodies not under State authority. About the same time a body of Confederate troops, under General Leonidas Polk, entered the State, and intrenched themselves at Hickman and Columbus. Governor Magoffin immediately received a dispatch from General Grant, com

manding at Cairo, stating that Tennessee troops had entered Columbus. Governor Magoffin telegraphed to Governor Harris, protesting against this, to which Governor Harris replied, that he would request President Davis to withdraw the troops at once. General Polk issued the following proclamation at Columbus, Kentucky, September 14th:-

"The Federal Government having, in defiance of the wishes of the people of Kentucky, disregarded their neutrality by establishing camp dépôts of armies, and by organizing military companies within her territory, and by constructing military works on the Missouri shore, immediately opposite and commanding Columbus, evidently intended to cover the landing of troops for the seizure of that town, it has become a military necessity, for the defence of the territory of the Confederate States, that the Confederates occupy Columbus in advance. The major-general commanding has, therefore, not felt himself at liberty to risk the loss of so important a position, but has decided to occupy it in pursuance of this decision. He has thrown sufficient force into the town, and ordered to fortify it. It is gratifying to know that the presence of his troops is acceptable to the people of Columbus, and on this occasion he assures them that every precaution shall be taken to insure their quiet, protection to their property, with personal and corporate rights."

In consequence of this movement of General Polk, General Grant left Cairo on the 6th with two regiments of infantry, one company of light artillery, and two gunboats, and took possession of Paducah, Kentucky, near the mouth of the Tennessee River. He found secession flags flying in different parts of the city, in expectation of the arrival of the Southern army, which was reported three thousand eight hundred strong, sixteen miles distant. The loyal citizens tore down the secession flags on the arrival of the Federal troops.

General Grant took possession of the telegraph office, railroad dépôt, and marine hospital. He found large quantities of complete rations and leather for the Southern army. He then issued the following proclamation:

"I have come among you, not as an enemy, but as your fellow-citizen. maltreat or annoy you, but to respect and enforce the rights of all loyal citizens.

Not to

"An enemy in rebellion against our common Government has taken possession of and planted his guns on the soil of Kentucky and fired upon you. Columbus and Hickman are in his hands. He is moving upon your city. I am here to defend you against this enemy, to assist the authority and sovereignty of your Government.

"I have nothing to do with opinions, and shall deal only with armed rebellion and its aiders and abettors. You can pursue your usual avocations without fear. The strong arm of the Government is here to protect its friends and punish its enemies. "Whenever it is manifest that you are able to defend yourselves, and maintain the authority of the Government, and protect the rights of loyal citizens, I shall withdraw the forces under my command.

"U. S. GRANT, Brigadier-General Commanding.”

On the 9th, the following statement by four commissioners, appointed from Tennessee to maintain friendly relations with Kentucky, was communicated by Governor Magoffin to the Legislature :

"The undersigned yesterday received a verbal message, through a messenger, from Governor Harris. The message was-that he (Governor Harris) had, by telegraph dispatch, requested General Polk to withdraw the Confederate troops from Kentucky, and that General Polk had declined to do so; that Governor Harris then telegraphed to Secretary Walker, at Richmond, requesting that General Polk be ordered to withdraw his troops from Kentucky, and that such order was issued from the War Department of the Confederacy; that General Polk replied to the War Department that the