the Bookseller." Analogy with those languages in which case-endings abound would lead us to say, "Putnam's the Bookseller's."

Note VI.-Personal pronouns are sometimes used in apposition for the purpose of identifying the person of a noun; as, "We, the people of the United States, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."

Note VII.-A proper name is often placed after a common name in apposition; as, The River Danube.

A common is often placed after a proper name in apposition; as, The Mississippi River.

In some cases the preposition intervenes; as, The city of New York. Note VIII.-Two nouns may come together, though not in apposition, and though neither of them is in the genitive case; as, A sun beam; a sea nymph. These are, in fact, compound terms, and a hyphen should be employed to connect the parts if the substantive does not perform the office of an adjective. Whether the hyphen should be used or not must depend on the accent. Thus we must say Glass'-house if we speak of a house for the manufacture of glass, but we say Gláss house if we speak of a house made of glass. For the use of the hyphen, see § 555.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE IV.

APPOSITION.

RULE IV-a. The lines are from Cicero, the orator and statesman.

C. S.

b.

Virtue sole survives,

Immortal, never-failing friend to man,
His guide to happiness on high. C. S.

c. They literally fulfilled the spirit of their national motto, E pluribus unum; at home many, abroad one. C. S.

Note I.-a. So short, too, is our life here, a mortal life at best, and so endless is the life on which we enter at death, an immortal life, that the consideration may well moderate our sorrow at parting.-HERMAN HOOKER. C. S.

b.

That very law that moulds a tear,

And bids it trickle from its source,

That law preserves the earth a sphere,

And guides the planets in their course.-ROGERS.

C. S.

c. Forever honored be this, the place of our fathers' refuge.-D. WEBSTER. C. S.

Note II.-a. The Dutch were formerly in possession of the coasting trade and freight of almost all other leading nations; they were also the bankers for all Europe; advantages by which they gained immense sums. C. S.

b. The mild dignity of Carver and of Bradford; the decision and soldier-like air and manner of Standish; the devout Brewster, the enterprising Allerton, the general firmness and thoughtfulness of the whole band; their conscious joy for dangers escaped; their high religious faith, full of confidence and anticipation-all of these seem to belong to this place, and to be present on this occasion, to fill us with reverence and admiration.-D. WEBSTER. C. S.

To be resign'd when ills betide,
Patient when favors are denied,

And pleased with favors given;
Dear Chloe, this is wisdom's part,
This is that incense of the heart,

Whose fragrance smells to heaven.-Dr. COTTON.

C. S.

Note III.-a. The court condemned the criminals, a part of them to suffer death, and a part to transportation. C. S.

b. Two thousand auditors listened, all with admiration, many with enthusiasm, to the eloquent exposition of doctrines intelligible only to the few. SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON. C. S.

Note IV.-William the Conqueror's victory at the battle of Hastings decided the fate of England. C. S.

Note V.-Information was lodged at the mayor's office, the wellknown and energetic magistrate. C. S.

Note VI.-I, Victoria, Queen of England, make my proclamation. C. S.

Note VII.-a. The mountain, Vesuvius, poured forth a torrent of lava from its deep bosom. C. S.

b. The Connecticut River rose higher in the spring of 1854 than it has since the memory of man. C. S.

c. The city of London was known to the ancients by the name of Lugdunum. C. S.

Note VIII.-Besides his practical wisdom, he was well versed in school learning. C. S.

PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES ON NOUNS.

§ 363. In these exercises the pupil is expected,

a. To mention the several nouns in the example.

b. To state whether the example affords an instance of correct syntax or of false.

c. To repeat the rule or note which sanctions or condemns the use of each noun.

1. Bad men they often honor virtue at the bottom of their hearts. MODEL. Men, virtue, bottom, hearts, are common nouns.

This example affords an instance of false syntax in the use of the noun men without a verb, which is condemned by note third under rule first, "Superfluous nominatives should be avoided in common language."

Virtue is a common noun in the objective case, according to rule third, “A noun depending on the transitive verb is in the objective

case."

Bottom is a common noun in the objective case after at, according to note fourth under rule third, "A noun depending on a preposition is in the objective case."

Hearts is parsed like bottom, and depends on the preposition of, as above.

2.

O Caledonia! stern and wild;

Meet nurse for a poetic child!

Land of brown heath and shaggy wood;

Land of the mountain and the flood;

Land of my sires!

What mortal hand

Can e'er untie the filial band

That knits me to thy rugged strand!-W. SCOTT.

3. How shall I speak of the old man, the bequeather of the fatal legacy to St. Leon, and his few fatal words, "Friendless, friendless! alone, alone!"

4. Light illumines every thing, the lowly valley as well as the lofty mountain; it fructifies every thing, the humblest herb as well as the lordliest tree.-HARE.

Here valley is in apposition with thing.

5. Thales' answer to the proposed question was not thought so good as Solon's.

6. Whose works are these? They are Cicero's, the most eloquent

of men's.

7. The time of William making the experiment at length arrived. 8. The prerogative's extent of England's king is sufficiently ascertained.

CHAPTER III.

SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVE.

§ 364. RULE V.-ADJECTIVES qualify or limit Substantives and words used as Substantives; as, “A wise man;" "he is good," "the most eloquent of men.

When the noun to which the adjective belongs is not expressed, it is said to be understood, as in the last example just given.

Note I.-Adjectives are used in two ways: first, ATTRIBUTIVELY; as, "A good man died;" second, PREDICATIVELY; as, "He is good." In the first instance, the quality of goodness is Assumed as belonging to the subject of the verb; in the second place, it is Asserted. In the first instance, the adjective good qualifies the Grammatical subject of the proposition; in the second, it constitutes the Predicate of the proposition.

Note II.-Adjectives belong to verbs in the Infinitive mode, which are equivalent to nouns; as, "To see is pleasant;" "to ride is more agreeable than to walk."

"To be blind is unfortunate;" "to be wise is desirable." The combinations to be blind, to be wise, to set light by, to make bold with, are equivalent to certain verbs: to set light by to despise. In some languages, the phrase would be formed into a compound verb. It should be regarded as really such in our own. To make bold with is an idiom

that should not be encouraged.

Note III.-Adjectives often belong to those forms of the participles which are used as nouns; as, "Walking is agreeable ;" "loud talking is offensive."

Note IV.-Adjectives belong to Sentences or whole Propositions : "Greece, which had submitted to the arms, in her turn subdued the understandings of the Romans, and, contrary to that which in these cases commonly happens, the conquerors adopted the opinions and manners of the conquered."-ENFIELD's Hist. Phil., b. iii., 1.

Note V.-Adjectives are sometimes used to modify the meaning of other adjectives; as, "The iron was red hot;""the ship was quick

sailing." These should be regarded as virtually compound adjectives, whether joined by a hyphen or not. Participles are used in the same way; as, "In came Squire South, stark, staring mad."-ARBUTHNOT. So we meet with "Roaring drunk;"" loving jealous ;" "bloody with spurring, fiery red with speed."

Note VI.-An adjective and a noun may be taken as a compound "An word, which, as such, may admit of an additional adjective; as, elegant young man."

Note VII." Many English verbs take an adjective with them to form the predicate, where an adverb would be used in other languages;" as, "He fell ill;" "he looks pale;" "he feels cold;" "he grew warm;""her smiles amid the blushes lovelier show;" "glows not her blush the fairer ?"

case.

Note VIII.-The adjectives like, nigh, near, next, are followed by the objective case. In the expression this is like him, the original power of the dative remains, though in current language him is in the accusative This is inferred, 1. From the fact that, in most languages that have inflections to a sufficient extent, the word meaning like governs a dative case; 2. That if we ever use any preposition at all to express similitude, it is the preposition to; like to me. Some grammarians prefer considering the preposition to understood as the governing word.

Note IX.-Adjectives are often used as Substantives, especially when preceded by the definite article or the demonstrative pronouns, and sometimes take the sign of the plural; as, "The wise;" "the deep;" "the sublime," "these evils of war;" "those goods of fortune;" "these sweets of life."

Note X.-A substantive, or a phrase standing immediately before a substantive, is often equivalent to an adjective; as, "A barn door;" "the marriage act;""an off-hand manner." See § 198.

Note XI.-When an adjective is used to express comparison between two objects, it is put in the Comparative degree; as, "He is the taller of the two;"" she is more discreet than her sister." Even good writers, however, sometimes depart from this usage, and employ the Superlative in the comparison between two objects. This practice should not be encouraged.

Note XII.-When an adjective is used to express pre-eminence among objects of the same class, it is put in the Superlative; as, "He was the bravest of the brave;" "she was the loveliest of women."

In the use of the Comparative degree, if the terms of comparison belong to one and the same class, other is prefixed to the second term ; as, "Socrates was wiser than the other Athenians." In the use of the Superlative degree, as the object expressed by the first term is contained in the class expressed by the second term, the word other can not be admitted; as, "Socrates was the wisest of the Athenians," not the wisest of the other Athenians. "The loveliest of her daughters, Eve," is phraseology condemned, on the ground that it implies that Eve is one of her own daughters.

Note XIII.-Double Comparatives and Superlatives should be avoided; as, "More wiser;" "more braver;" "most strongest." Worser is obsolete, but lesser is still in use, as well as less. Extremest, chiefest ; truest, rightest; more perfect, most perfect; less universal, so universal; most unkindest; "but that I love thee best, O most best, believe it."

Hamlet. This phraseology is not to be encouraged, though we may have to submit to it. See § 208.

Note XIV.-Adjectives and Adverbs are sometimes improperly used for each other; as, "Extreme bad weather," for extremely; "the then ministry," for the then existing ministry; "weeds and flowers promiscuous shoot," for promiscuously; "indifferent honest," for indifferently honest.

Note XV.-An adjective is sometimes used Infinitively, or Independently of a noun, when joined to a verb infinitive or to a participle; as, "To be cheerful is the habit of a truly pious mind;" "the desire of being happy reigns in all hearts." See note second.

THE COLLOCATION OF ADJECTIVES.

§ 365. The adjective is generally placed immediately before the substantive; as, A learned man; a virtuous woman.

Exception 1. When the adjective is closely connected with some other word, by which its meaning is modified or explained; as, "A man loyal to his prince;" "he is four years old;""an army fifty thousand strong;" "a wall three feet thick."

Exc. 2. When the verb serves chiefly the purpose of a copula, to unite the predicate with its subject; as, "Thou art good;" sick."

he fell

Exc. 3. When there are more adjectives than one connected with the substantive; as, "A man wise, learned, valiant, and good."

Exc. 4. When metrical harmony will be obtained; as,

"With eyes upraised, as one inspired,

Pale Melancholy sat retired."

Exc. 5. When the adjective is preceded by an adverb, the noun is often placed first; as, "A man conscientiously exact."

Exc. 6. When an adjective becomes a title; as, "Alexander the Great;"" Henry the First."

Exc. 7. When time, number, or dimension are specified, the adjective follows the substantive; as, "He is four years old;""an army twenty thousand strong;" "a wall three feet thick."

66

Exc. 8. When an emphatical adjective is used to introduce a sentiment, it precedes the substantive which it qualifies; as, Sorry I am to hear liberty of speech in this house imputed as a crime."

Exc.-9. The adjective all may be separated from its substantive by the; as, "All the nations of Europe." Such and many, when they modify nouns in the singular number, are separated from them by a; as, "Such a character is rare;" " many a time."

All adjectives are separated from nouns by a when preceded by so or as: "So rich a dress;" "as splendid a retinue." They are also separated by a and the when preceded by how or however; as, "How distinguished an act of bravery;" "how brilliant the prize;" "however just the complaint;" and by too; as, "Too costly a sacrifice." The word soever may be interposed between the attributive and the noun; as, "How clear soever this idea of infinity; how remote soever it may seem."-LOCKE. Double, in the sense of twice, is separated from its noun by the or a; as, "Double the or a distance." In the sense of twofold it is preceded by the or a; as, "The or a double wrapper." Both is separated from its noun by the; as, "Both the men." All and sin