INTRODUCTION THE first edition of King Lear, in Quarto (Q), was Texts printed in 1608, and has the following title-page :- Quartos. M. William Shak-speare: | HIS | True Chronicle Historie of the life and death of King LEAR and his three | Daughters. | With the unfortunate life of Edgar, sonne and heire to the Earle of Gloster, and his sullen and assumed humor of | TOM of Bedlam: As it was played before the Kings Maiestie at Whitehall upon | S. Stephans night in Christmas Hollidayes. By his Maiesties seruants playing usually at the Gloabe on the Bancke-side. | LONDON,] Printed for Nathaniel Butter, and are to be sold at his shop in Pauls | Churchyard at the signe of the Pide Bull neere | St. Austins Gate. 1608. Below the title is a device, identical with one used by the Frankfurt printers, Wechelum. The bibliography of this edition is complicated by the fact that it was hastily made up of sheets which had, and of others which had not, been corrected, all the six extant copies containing from one to four uncorrected sheets, and being in only two cases alike.1 The corrections ' are merely those of a somewhat incompetent printer. 1 Thus one of the two British Museum copies and one of the two Bodleian copies contain only The The Folio In the same year a second Quarto (Q2) appeared, with a different device, and omitting the name of the place of sale. The text of Q2 follows now the corrected, now the uncorrected copies of Q, frequently, however, perverting both with new corrections of its own, all unauthentic and, with three or four possible exceptions, all wrong. They are of no interest for the student of Shakespeare.1 A third Quarto was carelessly printed in 1655 from Q2. A graver problem concerns the relation of the Quartos to the First Folio. The circumstances resemble those of Richard III. The text swarms with variations in word and phrase, and each version omits considerable passages which the other supplies. Of the variants a large number are purely indifferent, -substitutions of metrically equivalent synonyms. In a number of others the Folio corrects the palpable blunders of the Qq, many of which, however, it retains. In a third, smaller, group the Qq seem to give the genuine version, the Ff a diffuse perversion of it which had gained a vogue on the stage.2 About 50 lines occur in the Folio for the first time.1 On the other hand, the Ff omit some 220 lines found in Qq.2 Of the authenticity of all the passages peculiar to either text there cannot be a doubt, and there is a strong prima facie probability that all are derived from the same original version, so long a play being inevitably curtailed in performance. The omissions in Ff are certainly due to such curtailment, whether this be ascribed to Shakespeare himself, with Koppel, or, with Delius, to irresponsible actors.5 The additions in the Ff are more difficult to judge. Some of them may be referred, as Delius would refer all, to the palpably careless printer. Others 1 The chief of these are: ii. 4. 142-147 (Say... blame); iii. 2. 79-95 (This 1. 6-9 (Welcome time); iv. 2 The chief of these are: i. 3. 16-20 (Not to be... abused); i. 4. 154-169 (That lord. snatching); 252-256 (I would learn. . . father); ii. 2. 148152 (His fault... are punish'd with); iii. 1. 7-15 (tears . take all); 30-42 (But, true .. to you); iii. 6. 17-59 (The foul 'scape); iv. 2. 31-50 (I fear. . . deep); iv. 3. ; v. I. 23-28 (Where I... nobly); v. 3. 54-59 (At this time. place); 204-221 (This . . . slave). 3 Text-kritische Studien über Richard III. u. King Lear (1877). 4 Ueber den ursprünglichen Text des King Lear (Jahrbuch x. 50 f.). Delius replied to Koppel in Anglia i. (chiefly with reference to Richard III.). 5 Some of the passages excised are necessary for comprehension, e.g. iii. 1. 30-42 (the account of the French invasion); or for the consistency of the context, e.g. iv. 2. 31-50 (Albany's reproof 6 of Goneril); in Ff her Milkliver'd man,' v. 50, appears unprovoked; others belong to the high poetry of the play rather than to its dramatic mechanism. It is hard to believe that Shakespeare could have cut out the trial of Goneril (iii. 6. 17-59). 6 Thus in ii. 4. 22 (the rapid colloquy of Lear with Kent in the stocks) L. By Jupiter, I swear, no. L. They durst not do 't- Thus, in the dialogue of the Fool with Lear in iii. 6. 10 f., Qq give the Fool's question : 'Prithee, nuncle, tell me whether a madman be a gentleman or a yeoman?' and Lear's wonderful: 'A king, a king!' but omit the Fool's comment: 'No, he's a yeoman that has a gentleman to his son,' etc. Date of Composition. Sources. may be passages hastily cut out in the early acting version, but afterwards restored. The theory of a subsequent Shakespearean revision cannot be absolutely dismissed. If Shakespeare in his ripest maturity patched King Lear, his art was probably quite a match for our tests, as it hardly is in the patching of Love's Labour's Lost. But a study of the variants rather suggests that they can be wholly explained from the twofold operation of blundering printers (in Qq) and semi-intelligent actors (in Ff). Doubtless they have sometimes co-operated to deprive us of Shakespeare's phrases altogether. No dogmatic opinion can be pronounced; but the hypothesis, on the whole, works well, that the play was first badly printed (in Qq) from a MS. slightly abridged for the performance at Court; subsequently well printed (in the Folio) from a copy of Q, rather carelessly corrected by the more severely abridged and amended stage MS. The date of King Lear may be fixed with some certainty in 1605-6. An entry in the Stationers' Register, under Nov. 26, 1607, shows that it was. 'played before the Kings Majesty at Whitehall upon S. Stephens night at Christmas last,' i.e. on Dec. 26, 1606. Phenomenal events had marked the autumn of the previous year: in October, a great eclipse of the sun; in November, the appalling plot of Guy Fawkes. Gloster's faith that 'these eclipses do portend these divisions,' and Edmund's ridicule of it, can hardly be detached from circumstances in which this 'excellent foppery of the world' must have been peculiarly rife. In no case can the drama have been written before 1603, the names of Edgar's fiends being taken from Harsnett's Declaration of Popish Impostures, published in that year. Lear (Leir, Llyr), tenth king of Britain 'in the |